There has been a substantial increase in the number of cases of invasive fungal infections worldwide, which is associated with a growing number of immunosuppressed patients and a rise in antifungal ...resistance. Some fungi that were previously considered harmless to humans have become emerging pathogens. One of them is
, a ubiquitous filamentous fungus commonly found in the environment, especially in the air and soil.
belongs to a bigger group of hyaline fungi that cause hyalohyphomycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi with colorless hyphae. Although this is a heterogeneous group of fungi, there are similarities regarding their ubiquity, ways of transmission, affected patients, and difficulties in diagnostics and treatment. In hyalohyphomycosis, the skin is one of the most affected organs, which is why the involvement of dermatologists is crucial for the initial assessment, since the timely recognition and early diagnosis of this condition can prevent life-threatening infections and death. In this review, we covered cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by
and other fungi in the same group, including
,
,
,
,
, and
genera.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Breast hamartoma is an uncommon mass lesion made up of varying proportions of normal breast tissues. It involves between 0.7% to 5.0% of all benign breast tumors. A very uncommon variation of mammary ...hamartoma called myoid hamartoma is distinguished by the presence of smooth muscle cells in the stroma. We present a case of a myoid hamartoma of the breast with literature review.
We describe a rare case of an eccrine syringofibroadenoma with a foci of squamous cell carcinoma in situ, which has to best of our knowledge been reported only twice in the English literature. An ...excisional biopsy of an elevated, lobular tumor of the lower leg in an 86-year-old male patient was performed. Histologic examination revealed a tumor consisting of anastomosing strands of epithelial cells originating from the epidermis, occasionally showing ductal eccrine differentiation. Foci of squamous cell carcinoma in situ were observed within the described lesion. The diagnosis of eccrine syringofibroadenoma with squamous cell carcinoma in situ was established. Eccrine syringofibroadenoma is a rare lesion, mostly considered to be a reactive process arising secondarily in association with other cutaneous diseases such as dermatoses or neoplasms, although some researchers do not exclude the possibility that it is a primary neoplasm with a potential for malignant transformation.
Peritumoral clefting is one of the main histologic features of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC). The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 both in cells of basal ...cell carcinoma and in the adjacent stroma and to correlate the findings of immunohistochemical analysis with the presence of peritumoral clefting.
The study was made on archival material comprising 48 cases of BCC. These were scanned for the presence of peritumoral clefts. The results of immunohistochemical staining for MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined semiquantitatively using immunohistochemical staining index (ISI).
Peritumoral retractions were found in 40 BCC cases. Positive immunohistochemical reaction for MMP-2 in tumor cells was found in 47 cases and in all cases in the adjacent stroma. Positive immunostaining for MMP-9 in BCC tumor cells was observed in 37 cases and in all cases in the adjacent stroma. There was no statistically significant association between peritumoral retractions and expression of MMPs. A statistically significant correlation was found in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 between the tumor and the stroma.
Tumor cells elaborate MMP-2 and -9, but they also produce some other factors that may induce production of MMPs in adjacent stromal cells. The role of MMPs in the development of peritumoral clefts could not be confirmed.
The early identification of aggressive forms of cancer is of high importance in treating papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Disease dissemination is a major factor influencing patient survival. Mutation ...status of
oncogene,
V600E, is proposed to be an indicator of disease recurrence; however, its influence on PTC dissemination has not been deciphered. This study aimed to explore the association of the frequency of
V600E alleles in PTC with disease dissemination. In this study, 173 PTC samples were analyzed, measuring the proportion of
V600E alleles by qPCR, which was then normalized against the proportion of tumor cells. Semiquantitative analysis of BRAF V600E mutant protein was performed by immunohistochemistry. The
V600E mutation was present in 60% of samples, while the normalized frequency of mutated
alleles ranged from 1.55% to 92.06%. There was no significant association between the presence and/or proportion of the
V600E mutation with the degree of PTC dissemination. However, the presence of the
mutation was significantly linked with angioinvasion. This study's results suggest that there is a heterogeneous distribution of the
mutation and the presence of oligoclonal forms of PTC. It is likely that the
mutation alone does not significantly contribute to PTC aggressiveness.
The early identification of aggressive forms of cancer is of high importance in treating papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Disease dissemination is a major factor influencing patient survival. Mutation ...status of BRAF oncogene, BRAF V600E, is proposed to be an indicator of disease recurrence; however, its influence on PTC dissemination has not been deciphered. This study aimed to explore the association of the frequency of BRAF V600E alleles in PTC with disease dissemination. In this study, 173 PTC samples were analyzed, measuring the proportion of BRAF V600E alleles by qPCR, which was then normalized against the proportion of tumor cells. Semiquantitative analysis of BRAF V600E mutant protein was performed by immunohistochemistry. The BRAF V600E mutation was present in 60% of samples, while the normalized frequency of mutated BRAF alleles ranged from 1.55% to 92.06%. There was no significant association between the presence and/or proportion of the BRAF V600E mutation with the degree of PTC dissemination. However, the presence of the BRAF mutation was significantly linked with angioinvasion. This study’s results suggest that there is a heterogeneous distribution of the BRAF mutation and the presence of oligoclonal forms of PTC. It is likely that the BRAF mutation alone does not significantly contribute to PTC aggressiveness.
Cilj: Onkocitom bubrega i kromofobni karcinom bubrega su tumori epitelnog podrijetla s preklapajućom histološkom slikom, što čini njihovo razlikovanje jednim od izazova u uropatologiji. Cilj ovog ...istraživanja bio je procijeniti izraženost kaspaze 3 u onkocitomu i kromofobnom karcinomu bubrega u svrhu potencijalne primjene tog imunohistokemijskog biljega u njihovu razlikovanju. Metode: U istraživanju su analizirana 24 histološki potvrđena uzorka onkocitoma i 24 uzorka kromofobnog karcinoma bubrega iz arhiva Kliničkog zavoda za patologiju Ljudevit Jurak, KBC-a Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu. Imunohistokemijska analiza provedena je semikvantitativno primjenom indeksa imunohistokemijskog bojanja (immunohistochemical staining index, ISI). Za statističku analizu primijenjen je Mann-Whitneyjev U test. Rezultati: U svim uzorcima bila je prisutna pozitivna imunohistokemijska reakcija na kaspazu 3 pri čemu je većina onkocitoma imala umjeren ISI, a većina kromofobnih karcinoma nizak ISI. Zaključak: Kaspaza 3 bi mogla naći svoju primjenu u usmjeravanju dijagnoze prema onkocitomu bubrega u slučajevima kada je prisutna jaka i difuzna reakcija tumora na ovaj imunohistokemijski biljeg. Unatoč tome, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja na većem broju uzoraka kako bi se potvrdila vrijednost naših rezultata.
Hamartom dojke je rijetka novotvorina koju čine različite proporcije normalnog tkiva dojke. Ona obuhvaća oko 0.7% do 5% svih benignih tumora dojke. Vrlo rijetka varijacija hamartoma dojke koja se ...zove mioidni hamartom razlikuje se patohistološki po prisutnosti glatkih mišićnih stanica u stromi tumora. Ovdje prezentiramo slučaj mioidnog hamartoma dojke sa pregledom literature.
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