Organic Computing (OC) systems differ from classical software systems as the topology and the participating components of the system are not predefined and therefore are subject to unforeseeable ...change during the systems’ runtime. Thus, completely new challenges to the verification and validation of such systems as well as for interactions between system components and, of course, between the system and the user arise. These challenges can be subsumed by the terms trustworthiness or trust.
This paper proposes – after exploring the notions and principles of trust in the literature – a definition of trust which encompasses all aspects that define the trustworthiness of an Organic Computing system. It then outlines the different research challenges that have to be tackled in order to provide an understanding of trust in OC-systems and gives perspectives on how this endeavour can be taken on. Current research initiatives in the area of trust in computing systems are reviewed and discussed.
We analyzed 70 bone marrow (BM) samples from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients for 11q23 aberrations and reactivity with the monoclonal antibody NG2. NG2 reactivity correlated with FAB-M5 (50% ...positive cases, with an average of 32% NG2(+) cells), as well as with 11q23 aberrations. We detected NG2(+) cells in AML cases with normal karyotype, however, not in healthy BM cells. This means that NG2 qualifies as a reliable AML blast tumor marker, enabling monitoring of the course of AML independently of, although often associated with, 11q23-aberrations. Patients with more than 10% NG2(+) cells showed a tendency to have a shorter progression-free survival (mean: 7 months) than patients with fewer than 10% NG2(+) cells (mean survival: 17 months; p=0.08). While 31% of the patients with NG2(+) cells responded to chemotherapy, 58% of the group with NG2(+) cells did not respond (p=0.047). In conclusion, NG2 detects many, but not all 11q23 aberrations and other cases without 11q23 aberrations. However, it does not react with healthy BM cells, thereby contributing to the detection of patients with poor prognosis.
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