Disorganized/Disoriented (D) attachment has seen widespread interest from policy makers, practitioners, and clinicians in recent years. However, some of this interest seems to have been based on some ...false assumptions that (1) attachment measures can be used as definitive assessments of the individual in forensic/child protection settings and that disorganized attachment (2) reliably indicates child maltreatment, (3) is a strong predictor of pathology, and (4) represents a fixed or static "trait" of the child, impervious to development or help. This paper summarizes the evidence showing that these four assumptions are false and misleading. The paper reviews what is known about disorganized infant attachment and clarifies the implications of the classification for clinical and welfare practice with children. In particular, the difference between disorganized attachment and attachment disorder is examined, and a strong case is made for the value of attachment theory for supportive work with families and for the development and evaluation of evidence-based caregiving interventions.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective: Examine connections between mothers' adult attachment and subjective birth experience in the context of parity and mode of delivery.
Background: Research has established a clear connection ...between adult attachment and birth experience. This study extended previous research with an in-depth self-report attachment measure examining different dimensions of mothers' attachment representations and their relation to subjective birth experience. Interactions between mode of delivery and parity were also considered. Method: Participants were 257 mothers who gave birth 4 days to 12 months prior to the study. Mothers' mean age was 30.5 years, 61% primiparas, and 26% delivered by caesarean. Participants completed an online survey with the Birth Experience Questionnaire, the Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, and demographic information.
Results: Hierarchical moderated regression analyses showed direct effects from adult attachment dimensions to mothers' subjective birth experiences, specifically perceived availability, feared loss, separation protest, angry withdrawal, and compulsive careseeking. Interactions emerged for parity and/or mode of delivery for overall subjective birth experience, perceived control, perceived social support, and satisfaction.
Conclusion: Adult attachment representations related to subjective birth experience, indicating that attachment figures serve as secure bases and safe havens for mothers during childbirth. These results have implications for practitioners and provide direction for future research.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•Foster parents’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) related to adult attachment anxiety and avoidance.•Foster parents’ number of ACEs related to attachment avoidance. Emotional abuse related to ...attachment anxiety.•Foster parents’ ACEs related to higher levels of parenting stress. Parental distress related to sexual abuse.•Foster parents’ attachment anxiety related to parental distress and defensive responding.
Connections between parents’ trauma histories, adult attachment, and parenting stress are well established; those who have experienced trauma are more likely to have higher levels of insecure attachment (Jacobvitz & Reisz, 2019) and are more vulnerable to parenting stress (Steele et al., 2016) These processes in foster parents are understudied, even though they care for vulnerable children. This study examined relations between foster parents adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), adult attachment, and parenting stress. This is important to address because foster parents care for vulnerable children who can present unique stressors to caregivers.
Examine links between ACEs, adult attachment, and parenting stress in foster parents.
Participants were 55 foster parents from central Texas, US, recruited from a larger RCT study.
Participants completed the ACEs questionnaire, Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire, and Parenting Stress Inventory.
Foster parents who reported higher total ACEs were more likely to report higher levels of attachment avoidance and higher levels of overall parenting stress. Foster parents who reported experiencing childhood emotional abuse reported higher levels of attachment anxiety. Those who reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse reported higher levels of parental distress. Lastly, those who reported higher levels of attachment anxiety reported higher levels of parental distress and defensive responding.
ACEs are an important factor for foster parents, particularly for parenting stress. It is crucial that appropriate support is provided to help foster parents manage parenting stress and provide optimal care for their foster children.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Fear related to traumatic memories can result in disorganized adult mental states.•Mothers who are unresolved may display frightening behavior toward their infants.•Disorganization can predispose ...individuals to dissociative mental processes/states.•Adult disorganization can also be conceptualized as fear of the romantic partner.•Stability studies suggest unresolved loss may be more readily repaired than abuse.
Fear plays a central role in attachment theory and disorganization in adulthood. Fear associated with traumatic memories interferes with resolution of trauma resulting in disorganized mental states, captured as unresolved/disorganized speech surrounding loss and/or abuse in the Adult Attachment Interview. Mothers who are unresolved experience fear stemming from traumatic memories and display frightening behavior towards their infants. Disorganization can predispose individuals to dissociative mental processes, including altered states (absorption), PTSD, and depersonalization. Social psychologists have conceptualized adult disorganization as fear of the romantic partner. Studies examining stability of adult disorganization indicate unresolved loss is more readily resolved than unresolved abuse. Understanding disorganization in adulthood, including experiences that support reparation and reorganization, is important for developing effective interventions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•First peer-reviewed study on foster parents’ ACEs and their relation to foster children’s social-emotional challenges.•Eighty-nine foster parents completed the ACE Questionnaire and the Strengths ...and Difficulties Questionnaire.•Twenty percent of foster parents reported 4+ ACEs, compared to 12.5 % in the original CDC-Kaiser study.•Foster parents’ ACEs were directly related to children’s conduct problems and hyperactivity-inattention, but not to peer or prosocial problems.•Increased challenging behaviors among foster children were related to several specific foster parents’ ACEs, such as emotional abuse.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known risk factors for negative health and behavioral outcomes, including caregiving. Foster parents are key to supporting foster children, yet there is limited research on their ACE history and how it might relate to their foster children’s behavior.
This study addressed three research questions: (1) What are ACE totals in this sample of foster parents and how do they compare with the original CDC-Kaiser study? (2) Does foster parents’ ACE exposure relate to foster child behavior? (3) Is the relation between foster parents’ ACEs and children’s challenging behaviors different based on the specific ACE?
Participants were 89 foster parents (age M = 43.3 years) and 50 of their foster children (age M = 10 years) in central Texas. Children have been in their current placements for an average of 11 months (range 1 month to 4.7 years).
Foster parents completed demographics, the ACE Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997).
Results showed over 40 % of foster parents in this sample reported 2+ ACEs and 20 % reported 4+ ACEs. Foster parents’ total ACEs related to foster children’s emotional problems (β = .27, p = .02), conduct problems (β = .28, p = .01), and hyperactivity-inattention (β = .25, p = .03). Certain ACEs related more strongly to child outcomes than others.
Foster parents may have a higher ACE exposure than the general population. Foster parents’ ACEs were associated with foster children’s challenging behaviors. Future research should investigate the mechanism of this connection.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
ABSTRACT
Childbirth is a major experience in a woman's life, but the relation between childbirth experiences and later mother–infant outcomes has been understudied. This study examined the relation ...between mode of delivery and subjective birth experience (e.g., perception of control, social support during labor and delivery), and mothers’ descriptions of their babies and their maternal self‐esteem, both powerful predictors of maternal caregiving behavior. This study had three questions: (a) Do mode of delivery and subjective birth experience predict mothers’ descriptions of their babies and maternal self‐esteem? (b) Are the effects of mode of delivery on mothers’ descriptions and maternal self‐esteem mediated by subjective birth experience? (c) Does infant age moderate any of these pathways? The sample consisted of 269 mothers of full‐term, healthy infants who gave birth in the year prior to the study. Mode of delivery showed a direct effect on how mothers describe their babies, but not maternal self‐esteem, which was not mediated by subjective birth experience. Subjective birth experience had direct effects on both outcomes. Infant age did not moderate any of these pathways. Results point to the subjective aspects of childbirth as important components of women's experience of labor and delivery. Implications are discussed.
RESUMEN
Dar a luz es una experiencia de gran importancia en la vida de una mujer, pero la relación entre las experiencias de dar a luz y los posteriores resultados entre madre e hijo no ha sido estudiada suficientemente. Este estudio examina la relación entre la manera de dar a luz y la subjetiva experiencia del nacimiento (v.g. percepción de control, apoyo social durante el proceso de parto) y las descripciones que las madres hacen de sus bebés y su autoestima maternal, siendo ambos poderosos factores de predicción de la conducta materna al prestar cuidado. El estudio se cuestionó tres puntos: (1) ¿Predicen el modo de dar a luz y la subjetiva experiencia del nacimiento las descripciones que las madres hacen de sus bebés y la autoestima maternal? (2) ¿Son los efectos que el modo de dar a luz tiene sobre las descripciones de las madres y la autoestima maternal mediados por la subjetiva experiencia del nacimiento? (3) ¿Modera la edad del infante cualquiera de estas circunstancias? El grupo muestra estuvo compuesto de 269 madres de infantes saludables nacidos a los nueve meses, las cuales dieron a luz en el año inmediatamente anterior al estudio. El modo de dar a luz mostró un efecto directo sobre cómo las madres describen a sus bebés, pero no sobre la autoestima maternal, la cual no fue mediada por la subjetiva experiencia del nacimiento. La subjetiva experiencia del nacimiento tuvo efectos directos en ambos resultados. La edad del infante no moderó ninguna de estas circunstancias. Los resultados apuntan a los aspectos subjetivos de dar a luz como componentes importantes de la experiencia del proceso de parto de las mujeres; se discuten las implicaciones.
RÉSUMÉ
L'accouchement est une expérience extrêmement importante dans la vie d'une femme, mais la relation entre les expériences de la naissance et des résultats mère‐nourrisson ultérieures n'a pas été assez étudiée. Cette étude a examiné la relation entre le mode d'accouchement et l'expérience subjective de la naissance (soit la perception du contrôle, le soutien social durant le travail et l'accouchement) et les descriptions qu'ont fait de leurs bébés et de l'estime de soi maternelle, ces deux dernières étant des prédicteurs forts de comportement de son maternel. L’étude s'est penchée sur trois questions: (1) Est‐ce que le mode d'accouchement et l'expérience sujective de la naissance prédisent les descriptions que font les mères de leurs bébés et de l'estime de soi maternelle ? (2) Est‐ce que les effets du mode d'accouchement sur les descriptions des mères et l'estime de soi maternelle est médiatisée par l'expérience subjective de la naissance? (3) Est‐ce que l’âge du bébé modère un de ces chemins ? L’échantillon a consisté en 269 mères de bébés nés en bonne santé et nés à terme, ayant accouché l'année précédant l’étude. Le mode d'accouchement a présenté un effet direct sur la manière dont les mères décrivent leurs bébés, mais pas l'estime de soi maternelle, qui n'a pas été médiatisée par l'expérience subjective de la naissance. L'expérience subjective de la naissance s'est avérée avoir des effets directs sur les deux résultats. L’âge du bébé n'a modéré aucun de ces chemins. Les résultats montrent les aspects subjectifs des aspects de l'accouchement comme étant des composants importants de l'expérience des femmes du travail et de l'accouchement. Les implications sont discutées.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Geburt eines Kindes ist eine bedeutende Erfahrung im Leben einer Frau, aber der Zusammenhang zwischen den Geburtserfahrungen und späteren Auswirkungen auf Mutter und Kind wurde bisher von der Wissenschaft vernachlässigt. Diese Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen der Art der Entbindung und dem subjektiven Erleben der Geburt (z.B. Wahrnehmung von Kontrolle, soziale Unterstützung während der Wehen und der Geburt) und den mütterlichen Beschreibungen der Säuglinge sowie des mütterlichen Selbstwertgefühls, die beide einflussreiche Prädiktoren für das mütterliche Erziehungsverhalten sind. Die Studie verfolgte drei Fragen: (1) Sagen die Art der Entbindung und das subjektive Erleben der Geburt die mütterlichen Beschreibungen der Säuglinge und das mütterliche Selbstwertgefühl vorher? (2) Werden die Effekte der Entbindungsart auf die mütterlichen Beschreibungen und das mütterliche Selbstwertgefühl durch das subjektive Erleben der Geburt mediiert? (3) Wird jeder dieser Wirkungspfade durch das Alter des Säuglings moderiert? Die Stichprobe bestand aus 269 Müttern mit normaler Schwangerschaftsdauer und ihren gesunden Säuglingen, die im Jahr vor der Studie geboren wurden. Die Art der Entbindung hatte einen direkten Effekt darauf, wie die Mütter ihre Säuglinge beschreiben, aber nicht auf das mütterliche Selbstwertgefühl, welches wiederum nicht durch das subjektive Erleben der Geburt mediiert wurde. Das subjektive Erleben der Geburt hatte direkte Effekte auf beide Outcome‐Variablen. Das Alter des Säuglings moderierte keinen der Wirkungspfade. Die Ergebnisse verweisen darauf, dass die subjektiven Aspekte der Geburt wichtige Bestandteile der Erfahrungen der Frauen hinsichtlich Wehen und Geburt darstellen; die Implikationen werden diskutiert.
ABSTRACT
抄録：出産は女性の人生の主要な体験だが、出産経験と後の母子の結果との間の関連は、あまり研究されてこなかった。この研究では、分娩方式と主観的な出産経験（たとえば、コントロールの知覚、陣痛と分娩の間の社会的サポート）および自分自身の赤ちゃんについての母親の記述と母親としての自尊心との間の関連を調査した。その両者とも、母親の養育行動の強力な予測因子である。研究には、３つの課題がある。(1)分娩方式と主観的な出産経験が、自分自身の赤ちゃんについての母親の記述と母親としての自尊心を予測するか？(2)分娩方式が母親の記述と母親としての自尊心に与える影響は、主観的な出産経験によって仲介されるか？(3)乳児の月齢が、これらの経路のいずれかを加減するmoderateだろうか？対象は研究の前年に出産した269名の健康な満期産児の母親から構成された。分娩方法は、母親がどのように乳児を記述するかに直接効果を示したが、母親としての自尊心には示さなかった。それは主観的な出産体験によっても仲介されなかった。主観的な出産体験は、両方の結果に直接効果があった。乳児の月齢は、これらのどの経路も加減しなかった。結果は、出産の主観的側面を、女性の陣痛と分娩の経験の重要な構成要素として指摘した。その意味について考察される。
摘要
分娩是女人一生的重要經歷，但分娩經歷和後來母嬰結果的關係未有被充分研究。這個研究探討分娩方式和主觀生育經驗（如分娩期間的主觀控制感和社會支持）與母親如何描述嬰兒和母親自尊的關係，這兩個變數都有力預測母親照顧行為。這項研究有三個問題：（1）分娩方式和主觀生產經驗能否預測母親對其嬰兒的描述和母親的自尊？（2）分娩方式對母親描述和母親自尊的影響是否能被主觀分娩經歷去解釋？（3）嬰兒的年齡能否影響這些關係？樣本包括269個足月健康嬰兒的母親，她們都在研究之前的一年生產。分娩方式對母親如何形容自己的孩子有直接影響，但對母親自尊沒有影響。母親主觀分娩經歷不能解釋分娩方式對母親如何形容孩子的影響。主觀生產經歷直接影響這兩個結果。嬰兒的年齡沒有影響這些關係。結果指出主觀分娩經歷是婦女分娩經驗的重要元素; 作者討論這些結果的含意。
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study examined Latinx adolescents' daily family assistance (assistance day, assistance time, language brokering) in relation to their daily affect and investigated whether the associations ...changed following the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Two waves of 14‐day daily diary data collected from 13 18‐year‐old Latinx adolescents (ndays = 284; 77% Mexican American, 77% female) before and amid the pandemic were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Three main findings emerged: (1) assisting the family on a given day was associated with higher levels of same‐day positive affect both before and during COVID‐19, and with lower levels of negative affect during COVID‐19; (2) longer than usual family assistance time was associated with higher levels of same‐day positive affect and lower levels of negative affect only during COVID‐19; (3) language brokering on a given day was associated with higher levels of same‐day positive affect both before and during COVID‐19. These findings suggest a positive link between daily family assistance and Latinx youth's daily emotional well‐being, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
Maternal self‐efficacy predicts sensitive and responsive caregiving. Low maternal self‐efficacy is associated with a higher incidence of postpartum depression. Maternal self‐efficacy and ...postpartum depression can both be buffered by social support. Maternal self‐efficacy and postpartum depression have both been linked independently, albeit in separate studies, to the experience of violent trauma, childhood maltreatment, and spousal abuse. This study proposed a model in which postpartum depression mediates the relation between attachment trauma and maternal self‐efficacy, with emotional support as a moderator. Participants were 278 first‐time mothers of infants under 14 months. Cross‐sectional data were collected online. Mothers completed questionnaires on attachment trauma, maternal self‐efficacy, postpartum depression, and emotional support. A moderated mediation model was tested in a structural equation modeling framework using Mplus’ estimate of indirect effects. Postpartum depression fully mediated the relation between trauma and maternal self‐efficacy. Emotional support moderated only the pathway between postpartum depression and maternal self‐efficacy. Attachment trauma's implications for maternal self‐efficacy should be understood in the context of overall mental health. Mothers at the greatest risk for low maternal self‐efficacy related to attachment trauma also are those suffering from postpartum depression. Emotional support buffered mothers from postpartum depression, though, which has implications for intervention and future research.
RESUMEN
La autoeficacia materna predice el cuidado sensible y receptivo. Una baja autoeficacia materna se asocia con una más alta incidencia de depresión posterior al parto. La autoeficacia materna y la depresión posterior al parto pueden ambas ser mediadas por el apoyo social. La autoeficacia materna y la depresión posterior al parto han sido ambas relacionadas independientemente, aunque en estudios separados, con la experiencia de trauma violento, maltrato en la niñez y abuso conyugal. Este estudio propone un modelo en el cual la depresión posterior al parto sirve de mediadora con respecto a la relación entre el trauma de afectividad y la autoeficacia materna, con el apoyo emocional como moderador. Las participantes fueron 278 madres primerizas de infantes bajo los 14 meses de edad. Electrónicamente se recogió información con muestras representativas. Las madres respondieron cuestionarios sobre el trauma de afectividad, la autoeficacia materna, la depresión posterior al parto y el apoyo emocional. Se puso a prueba un modelo de mediación moderado dentro del marco de un modelo socio‐ecológico (SEM), usando Mplus para estimar los efectos indirectos. La depresión posterior al parto completamente sirvió de mediadora de la relación entre el trauma y la autoeficacia materna. El apoyo emocional moderó solamente la trayectoria entre la depresión posterior al parto y la autoeficacia materna. Las implicaciones del trauma de afectividad en el caso de la autoeficacia materna deben ser comprendidas en el contexto de la salud mental general. Las madres bajo el mayor riesgo de tener una baja autoeficacia materna relacionada con el trauma de afectividad son también aquellas que sufren de depresión posterior al parto. Sin embargo, el apoyo emocional sirvió para paliar el impacto de la depresión posterior al parto en las madres, lo cual tiene implicaciones para la intervención y la futura investigación.
RÉSUMÉ
L'auto‐efficacité maternelle prédit les soins sensibles et réactifs. Une auto‐efficacité maternelle basse est liée à une incidence plus élevée de dépression postpartum. L'auto‐efficacité maternelle et la dépression postpartum peuvent toutes deux être amorties par le soutien social. L'auto‐efficacité maternelle et la dépression postpartum ont toutes deux été indépendamment liées, bien que dans des études séparées, à l'expérience d'une trauma violent, à la maltraitance durant l'enfance et aux violences domestiques. Cette étude a proposé un modèle dans lequel la dépression postpartum affecte la relation entre le trauma de l'attachement et l'auto‐efficacité maternelle, avec le soutien émotionnel comme modérateur. Les participantes ont consisté en 278 mères (pour la première fois) de bébés de moins de 14 mois. Des données basées sur une coupe statistique ont été recueillies en ligne. Les mères ont rempli des questionnaires sur le trauma de l'attachement, l'auto‐efficacité maternelle, la dépression postpartum et le soutien émotionnel. Un modèle de médiation modéré a été testé dans une structure SEM en utilisant l'estimation Mplus d'effets indirects. La dépression postpartum a pleinement servi de médiateur à la relation entre le trauma et l'auto‐efficacité maternelle. Le soutien émotionnel n'a modéré que la trajectoire entre la dépression postpartum et l'auto‐efficacité maternelle. Les implications du trauma de l'attachement pour l'auto‐efficacité maternelle devraient être comprises dans le contexte de la santé mentale d'ensemble. Les mères les plus à risque d'auto‐efficacité maternelle basse liée au trauma de l'attachement sont aussi celles souffrant de dépression postpartum. Le soutien émotionnel a servi d'amortisseur à la dépression postpartum pour les mères, cependant, ce qui a des implications pour l'intervention et les recherches futures.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit sagt eine einfühlsame und responsive Fürsorge vorher. Eine geringe mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit ist mit einer höheren Inzidenz von postpartaler Depression verbunden. Mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit und postpartale Depression können beide durch soziale Unterstützung gepuffert werden. Sowohl die mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit als auch die postpartale Depression wurden unabhängig voneinander, wenn auch in getrennten Studien, mit der Erfahrung von Gewalttrauma, Kindesmisshandlung und ehelichem Missbrauch in Verbindung gebracht. Diese Studie schlug ein Modell vor, in dem postpartale Depression die Beziehung zwischen Bindungstrauma und mütterlicher Selbstwirksamkeit mediiert, mit emotionaler Unterstützung als Moderator. Die Teilnehmer waren 278 Erstmütter von Säuglingen unter 14 Monaten. Die Querschnittsdaten wurden online erhoben. Die Mütter füllten Fragebögen zu Bindungstrauma, mütterlicher Selbstwirksamkeit, postpartaler Depression und emotionaler Unterstützung aus. Ein moderiertes Mediationsmodell wurde im Rahmen eines SEM unter Verwendung von Schätzungen der indirekten Effekte mittels Mplus getestet. Die postpartale Depression mediierte die Beziehung zwischen Trauma und mütterlicher Selbstwirksamkeit vollständig. Emotionale Unterstützung moderierte nur den Pfad zwischen postpartaler Depression und mütterlicher Selbstwirksamkeit. Die Auswirkungen von Bindungstrauma auf die mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit sollten im Kontext der allgemeinen psychischen Gesundheit verstanden werden. Mütter mit dem größten Risiko für eine geringe mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit im Zusammenhang mit einem Bindungstrauma sind Mütter, die an einer postpartalen Depression leiden. Emotionale Unterstützung diente für die Mütter als Puffer der postpartalen Depression, was mit Implikationen für Interventionen und die zukünftige Forschung einhergeht.
抄録
抑うつ状態の母親において 愛着のトラウマと母親の自己効力感との間のつながりを理解する
母親の自己効力感は、感受性があり応答的な育児を予測する。母親の低い自己効力感は、産後抑うつのより高い発症率と関連する。母親の自己効力感と産後抑うつの両者は、社会的支援によって緩衝されることができる。母親の自己効力感と産後抑うつの両者は、別々の研究ではあるが、暴力のトラウマ、子ども時代の虐待、および配偶者からの虐待の経験と、独立して関連していた。この研究は、産後抑うつが、情緒的支援を調整変数として、愛着のトラウマと母親の自己効力感との間の関係を媒介するというモデルを提案する。研究に参加したのは、14か月未満の乳児の初産婦278人だった。横断的データがオンラインで収集された。母親たちは、愛着のトラウマ、母親の自己効力感、産後抑うつ、および情緒的支援についての質問紙を記入した。Mplusの間接効果の推計を用いた共分散構造分析SEMの枠組みで、調整媒介モデルmoderated mediation modelが試された。産後抑うつは、トラウマと母親の自己効力感との間の関係を十分に媒介した。情緒的支援は、産後抑うつと母親の自己効力感との間の経路だけを調整した。母親の自己効力感に対して愛着のトラウマが持つ意味は、精神保健全体のコンテクストで理解されるべきである。愛着のトラウマに関連して母親の低い自己効力感へのリスクがより大きな母親は、産後抑うつを患っている母親でもある。情緒的支援は母親の産後抑うつを緩衝したが、それは介入と今後の研究への意味を持つ。
摘要
了解抑鬱症母親依附創傷與母親自我效能的關係
母親自我效能預測敏感和回應性護理。母親自我效能感低與產後抑鬱症發病率高有關。母親的自我效能感和產後抑鬱症都可以通過社會支持來緩衝。在不同的研究中, 母親的自我效能感和產後抑鬱症都獨立的與暴力創傷丶童年虐待和配偶虐待的經歷相關。這項研究提出一個模型, 產後抑鬱症中介依附創傷和母親自我效能的關係, 情緒支持為 調節變數。與會者是278名14個月以下嬰兒的第一任母親。線上收集橫斷面數據。母親完成關於依附創傷丶母親自我效能丶產後抑鬱和情緒支持的調查問卷。研究採用Mplus估計間接效應, 在SEM框架下測試中介調節模型。產後抑鬱症完全中介創傷和母親自我效能的關係。情緒支持只調節產後抑鬱和母親自我效能的關係。依附創傷對母親自我效能的影響應從整體心理健康的角度來理解。與依附創傷相關自我效能感最低的母親也患有產後抑鬱症。但是, 情感支持緩解了母親產後抑鬱症, 因此這些干預對未來的研究有影響。
ملخص
فهم الصلة بين الصدمات المرتبطة بالتعلق والكفاية الذاتية الأمومية عند الأمهات المكتئبات
ترتبط الكفاءة الذاتية الأمومية بتقديم الرعاية الحساسة والمستجيبة كما يقترن انخفاض الكفاءة الذاتية بارتفاع معدل اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة. ويمكن للدعم الاجتماعي أن يزيد من الكفاءة الذاتية ويخفض معدل الاكتئاب الأمومي. وقد ربطت دراسات منفصلة بين الكفاءة الذاتية الأمومية واكتئاب ما بعد الولادة وبين التعرض لصدمة عنيفة أو إساءة معاملة في الطفولة أو الاعتداء الزوجي. تقترح الدراسة الحالية نموذجا يمكن فيه لاكتئاب ما بعد الولادة أن يتوسط العلاقة بين الصدمات المرتبطة بالتعلق والكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات بحيث يصبح الدعم العاطفي كمتغير وسيط. اشتملت عينة الدراسة على 728 أم للمرة الأولى وأطفال تحت عمر 14 شهر. وتم جمع بيانات القطاع العرضي عبر الانترنت. واستكمل الأمهات استبيانات عن صدمة التعلق والكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات واكتئاب ما بعد الولادة والدعم العاطفي. وتم اختبار نموذج التوسط في إطار نموذج معادلة الهيكلة (SEM) باستخدام تقديرات المؤثرات الغير مباشرة (Mplus). وقد توسط اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة بشكل كامل العلاقة بين الصدمة النفسية والكفاية الذاتية للأمهات أما الدعم العاطفي فقد توسط فقط المسار بين اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة والكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات. ويجب فهم آثار الصدمة المرتبطة بالتعلق على كفاءة الأمهات في ضوء السياق العام للصحة النفسية. فالأمهات المعرضين لانخفاض الكفاية الذاتية المرتبطة بصدمة التعلق هم أيضا يعانون من اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة. الدعم النفسي العاطفي يمكن أن يجنب الأمهات اكتئاب ما بعد الولادة وهذا يؤكد على أهمية التدخل التجريبي والأبحاث المستقبلية.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study examined maternal attachment contributions on infant feeding behavior. Feeding is central for the development of the caregiver-infant relationship with lasting effects for ...children's health and self-regulation. Caregivers need to be attuned during feeding, so caregivers' attachment likely influences their feeding practices. While pregnant, 116 mothers were administered the Adult Attachment Interview. They completed an assessment of infant temperament at 6 weeks. At 8 months, mother-infant dyads were videotaped during feeding and mothers completed a depression assessment. Mothers classified as preoccupied showed higher levels of feeding conflict and control and less dyadic reciprocity compared with dismissing or secure. Regression analyses revealed that both involving anger and passivity predicted control. Maternal depression moderated the effect that both involving anger and passivity had on control. Maternal unresolved trauma increased the risk that mother-infant dyads showed controlling behaviors during feeding, though was not related to conflict or attunement.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Childhood psychological maltreatment is a prevalent type of maltreatment, but one that is less studied compared to other forms of abuse. The intergenerational effects of psychological maltreatment ...have yet to be fully explored. This study examined mothers’ recollections of childhood experiences of psychological maltreatment, assessed prenatally, and in relation to their own and their toddler’s emotion regulation. Psychological maltreatment was assessed through a new coding system created for use with Adult Attachment Interviews (AAIs). Using structural equation modeling, we examined the direct effects of mothers’ accounts of psychological and physical maltreatment during childhood on mothers’ emotion dysregulation in a caregiving context and their toddlers’ observed emotional dysregulation. Participants were 125 mother–toddler dyads in central Texas (Mage = 29.9 years). Mothers completed AAIs prenatally; toddlers completed frustration tasks to assess underregulation at 24 months of age. Maternal experiences of psychological maltreatment, but not physical maltreatment, were related to maternal emotion dysregulation during parenting and their children’s emotional underregulation. Mother and child emotional dysregulation were also related. The effects of mothers’ childhood experiences of psychological maltreatment have specific intergenerational consequences and must be explored separately from their experiences of physical maltreatment.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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