Surface functionalization of liposomes can play a key role in overcoming the current limitations of nanocarriers to treat solid tumors, i.e., biological barriers and physiological factors. The ...phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) containing anticancer agents produce fewer side effects than non-liposomal anticancer formulations, and can effectively target the solid tumors. This article reviews information about the strategies for targeting of liposomes to solid tumors along with the possible targets in cancer cells, i.e., extracellular and intracellular targets and targets in tumor microenvironment or vasculature. Targeting ligands for functionalization of liposomes with relevant surface engineering techniques have been described. Stimuli strategies for enhanced delivery of anticancer agents at requisite location using stimuli-responsive functionalized liposomes have been discussed. Recent approaches for enhanced delivery of anticancer agents at tumor site with relevant surface functionalization techniques have been reviewed. Finally, current challenges of functionalized liposomes and future perspective of smart functionalized liposomes have been discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Titanium and its alloys are largely used in various applications due its prominent mechanical properties. However, the machining of titanium alloys is associated with assured challenges, including ...high-strength, low thermal conductivity, and long chips produced in conventional machining processes, which result in its poor machinability. Advanced and new machining techniques have been used to improve the machinability of these alloys. Ultrasonic vibration assisted turning (UVAT) is one of these progressive machining techniques, where vibrations are imposed on the cutting insert, and this process has shown considerable improvement in terms of the machinability of hard-to-cut alloys. Therefore, selecting the right cutting parameters for conventional and assisted machining processes is critical for obtaining the anticipated dimensional accuracy and improved surface roughness of Ti-alloys. Hence, fuzzy-based algorithms were developed for the ultrasonic vibration assisted turning (UVAT) and conventional turning (CT) of the Ti-6Al7Zr3Nb4Mo0.9Nd alloy to predict the maximum process zone temperature, cutting forces, surface roughness, shear angle, and chip compression ratio for the selected range of input parameters (speed and depth-of-cut). The fuzzy-measured values were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating that the created models can be utilized to accurately predict the studied machining output parameters in CT and UVAT processes. The studied alloy resulted in discontinued chips in both the CT and UVAT processes. The achieved results also demonstrated a significant decline in the cutting forces and improvements in the surface quality in the UVAT process. Furthermore, the chip discontinuity is enhanced by the UVAT process due to the higher process zone temperature and the micro-impact imposed by the cutting tool on the workpiece.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc. are major components of municipal solid waste.•This review is the first of its kind reporting and compiling various methods of ...producing oil sorbents from plastics.•One method of combating plastic wastes as well as oil spill is through the use of sorbents.•Producing oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers can also fulfill waste management purposes.•Synthesis methods and characterization of oil sorbents have been reviewed from virgin polymers as well as plastic wastes.
A large volume of the waste produced across the world is composed of polymers from plastic wastes such as polyethylene (HDPE or LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) amongst others. For years, environmentalists have been looking for various ways to overcome the problems of such large quantities of plastic wastes being disposed of into landfill sites. On the other hand, the usage of synthetic polymers as oil sorbents in particular, polyolefins, including polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) have been reported. In recent years, the idea of using plastic wastes as the feed for the production of oil sorbents has gained momentum. However, the studies undertaking such feasibility are rather scattered. This review paper is the first of its kind reporting, compiling and reviewing these various processes. The production of an oil sorbent from plastic wastes is being seen to be satisfactorily achievable through a variety of methods Nevertheless, much work needs to be done regarding further investigation of the numerous parameters influencing production yields and sorbent qualities. For example, differences in results are seen due to varying operating conditions, experimental setups, and virgin or waste plastics being used as feeds. The field of producing oil sorbents from plastic wastes is still very open for further research, and seems to be a promising route for both waste reduction, and the synthesis of value-added products such as oil sorbents. In this review, the research related to the production of various oil sorbents based on plastics (plastic waste and virgin polymer) has been discussed. Further oil sorbent efficiency in terms of oil sorption capacity has been described.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
One of the most chronic constraints to crop production is the grain yield reduction near the crop harvest stage by lodging worldwide. This is more prevalent in cereal crops, particularly in wheat and ...rice. Major factors associated with lodging involve morphological and anatomical traits along with the chemical composition of the stem. These traits have built up the remarkable relationship in wheat and rice genotypes either prone to lodging or displaying lodging resistance. In this review, we have made a comparison of our conceptual perceptions with foregoing published reports and proposed the fundamental controlling techniques that could be practiced to control the devastating effects of lodging stress. The management of lodging stress is, however, reliant on chemical, agronomical, and genetic factors that are reducing the risk of lodging threat in wheat and rice. But, still, there are many questions remain to be answered to elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, so agronomists, breeders, physiologists, and molecular biologists require further investigation to address this challenging problem.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of myeloperoxidase and cardiac troponin-I in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
The validity study was conducted from January to November 2018 at the Emergency ...and Pathology departments of the Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, and the Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised adult patients of either gender who presented with complaint of constrictive pericarditis for testing the myeloperoxidase MPO and cardiac troponin-I concentrations. Data was obtained related to age, gender and electrocardiogram, and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were determined. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.
Of the 62 patients with mean age 56.40+11.39 years, 49(79%) were males, 15(42%) were aged 51-60 years, 24(38.7%) had ST elevation, and 21(33.9%) had normal electrocardiogram. For myeloperoxidase, there were 13(21%) true positive, 39(63%) false negative and 10(16%) true negative cases. For cardiac troponin-I, there were 52(84%) true positive and 10(16%) true negative cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy values were 25%, 100%, 100%, 20.4% and 37%, respectively.
Early prognostic assessment is necessary for application of proper treatment and management.
The purpose of this study is to introduce an innovative multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) based on bipolar fuzzy set (BFS) by unifying“ VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno ...Rasenje (VIKOR)” method. The VIKOR method is considered to be a useful MAGDM method, specifically in conditions where an expert is unable to determine his choice correctly at the initiation of designing a system. The method of VIKOR is suitable for problems containing conflicting attributes, with an assumption that compromising is admissible for conflict decision, the expert wishes a solution very near to the best, and the different alternatives or choices are processed according to all developed attributes. The theory of set pair analysis is a state-of-the-art uncertainty theory which consists of three factors, including “identity degree”, “discrepancy degree”, and “contrary degree” of connection numbers (CNs) and coincidence with many existing theories dealing with vagueness in the given information. Consequently, inspired by this, in the present study, we make an effort to improve the theory of data measurement by introducing some metric spaces using CNs of BFSs. In this research paper, we extend VIKOR method in the context of CNs based metrics, which are obtained form bipolar fuzzy numbers (BFNs). Firstly, we develop CNs of BFNs as well as metric spaces based on CNs. We also discuss some interesting properties of proposed metric spaces. Secondly, we develop VIKOR method using CNs based metrics to handle an MAGDM problem under bipolar fuzzy type information. The predominance of proposed metric spaces is also studied by the means of examples. Furthermore, we demonstrate the efficiency of the extended VIKOR method by solving a numerical example, sensitivity analysis and a detailed comparison with some existing approaches.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs Kausar, Shamaila; Said Khan, Fahad; Ishaq Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad ...
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology,
2021, Volume:
35
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Antiviral drugs are a class of medicines particularly used for the treatment of viral infections. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. Viruses are among the major pathogenic ...agents that cause number of serious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Viruses cause many diseases in humans, from self resolving diseases to acute fatal diseases. Developing strategies for the antiviral drugs are focused on two different approaches: Targeting the viruses themselves or the host cell factors. Antiviral drugs that directly target the viruses include the inhibitors of virus attachment, inhibitors of virus entry, uncoating inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, inhibitors of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase and the inhibitors of integrase. The inhibitors of protease (ritonavir, atazanavir and darunavir), viral DNA polymerase (acyclovir, tenofovir, valganciclovir and valacyclovir) and of integrase (raltegravir) are listed among the Top 200 Drugs by sales during 2010s. Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. Though, there are a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, many for influenza and some new antiviral drugs for treating hepatitis C infection and HIV. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis inhibition. An analysis of the action mechanism of known antiviral drugs concluded that they can increase the cell’s resistance to a virus (interferons), suppress the virus adsorption in the cell or its diffusion into the cell and its deproteinisation process in the cell (amantadine) along with antimetabolites that causes the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis. This review will address currently used antiviral drugs, mechanism of action and antiviral agents reported against COVID-19.
This study evaluates different antecedents affecting information sharing via multiple social media platforms on a large scale. In doing so, this research compares the effects of information sharing ...behavior factors via Facebook and WeChat adoption. The respondents were international students studying in two Chinese universities and are the frequent users of both social media platforms. At first, quantity data has been collected through an online survey. Second, in-depth interviews were conducted to get qualitative data. To test our model and hypotheses multigroup analysis and content analysis were used. All exogenous variables such as perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), Technological innovation (INNO) and information sharing attitude (ATT) have a positive effect on information sharing behavior (BEH). In addition, the results indicated no difference effects of PU and ATT via multiple social media platforms (WeChat and Facebook). However the effect of PEOU on information sharing attitude varied via social media platforms (WeChat and Facebook). The author found positive and stronger relationship between PEOU and ATT which is significant for Facebook only. On the other hand, the positive relationship between INNO and ATT is significant and stronger for WeChat only. We found the least research about information sharing behavior via multiple social media platforms. Besides, this study describes the patterns of information sharing on Facebook and WeChat, simultaneously.
Aim
To identify factors found in the research literature to be associated with smoking cessation in pregnancy.
Methods
Electronic searches of the bibliographic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ...Elsevier, Scopus and ISI Web of Science were conducted to April 2017. All studies reporting factors associated with smoking cessation or continuing smoking during pregnancy were included and reviewed systematically, irrespective of study design. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the study quality. The DerSimonian & Laird random‐effects model was used to conduct meta‐analyses, and where effect estimates were reported for factors included in at least three studies.
Results
Fifty‐four studies, including 505 584 women globally who smoked before pregnancy, 15 clinical trials and 40 observational studies, were included in the review and 36 (65.5%) were considered to be of high quality. This review identified 11 socio‐demographic, seven socially related, 19 smoking behaviour‐related, five pregnancy‐related, six health‐related and six psychological factors that were associated significantly with smoking cessation during pregnancy. The most frequently observed significant factors associated with cessation were: higher level of education, pooled odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.16 (1.80–2.84), higher socio‐economic status: 1.97 (1.20–3.24), overseas maternal birth: 2.00 (1.40–2.84), Medicaid coverage or private insurance: 1.54 (1.29–1.85), living with partner or married: 1.49 (1.38–1.61), partner/other members of the household do not smoke: 0.42 (0.35–0.50), lower heaviness of smoking index score: 0.45 (0.27–0.77, lower baseline cotinine level: 0.78 (0.64–0.94), low exposure to second‐hand smoking: 0.45 (0.20–1.02), not consuming alcohol before and/or during pregnancy: 2.03 (1.47–2.80), primiparity: 1.85 (1.68–2.05), planned breastfeeding:1.99 (1.94–2.05), perceived adequate pre‐natal care: 1.74 (1.38–2.19), no depression: 2.65 (1.62–4.30) and low stress during pregnancy: 0.58 (0.44–0.77).
Conclusion
A wide range of socio‐demographics, relationship, social, smoking‐related, pregnancy‐related, health and psychological factors have been found to predict smoking cessation in pregnancy.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FSPLJ, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Multiple personality disorder (MPD) or dissociative identity disorder is the mental disease in which one can observe the existence of two or more than two personalities in a single person. We define ...the controversies nearby the diagnosis of MPD with its associated mental disorders. We discuss the various symptoms of MPD, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization or derealization disorder, and major depression disorder. After this exploration, we perceive that these disorders enclose parallel symptoms and it is difficult to identify the accurate type of disorder with its severeness. Since in experimental diagnosis the indeterminacy and falsity parts are often neglected. Due to this problem, we cannot see the accuracy in the patient’s improvement record and cannot predict the duration of treatment. To eradicate these boundaries, we present the m-polar neutrosophic soft set (MPNSS) and m-polar neutrosophic soft mapping (MPNS-mapping) with its inverse mapping. These notions are proficient and valuable to diagnose the disorder appropriately by connecting it with the mathematical modeling. The connection of m-polar neutrosophic set (MPNS) with the soft set characterizes a relation among patients, symptoms, and treatments which decreases the complexity of the case study. We build a chart based on a fuzzy interval 0, 1 to range the types of disorders. We establish an algorithm based on MPNS-mapping to identify the disease appropriately and to select the finest treatment for the corresponding disease of every patient. At last, we introduce the generalized MPNS-mapping which will helps a doctor to save the patient’s improvement record and to predict the period of treatment until the disease is cured.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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