Because of the Greek climate, few textile fibres of animal or vegetable origin have survived. The absence of significant archaeological evidence makes it difficult to study the appearance of ancient ...clothing. The production of terracotta figurines provides numerous iconographic testimonies of clothing ornaments, which should be classified to provide a maximum of information. The corpus makes it possible to illustrate the richness of the adornment present on clothing and to follow the evolution of its use thanks to objective data. It also provides a better understanding of archaeological textiles, currently very fragmentary. This article presents the methodology adopted for research and the issues that guided it.
We study a competitive infection-age structured SI model between two diseases. The well-posedness of the system is handled by using integrated semigroups theory, while the existence and the stability ...of disease-free or endemic equilibria are ensured, depending on the basic reproduction number
R
0
x
and
R
0
y
of each strain. We then exhibit Lyapunov functionals to analyse the global stability and we prove that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable whenever max{
R
0
x
,
R
0
y
} ≤ 1. With respect to explicit basin of attraction, the competitive exclusion principle occurs in the case where
R
0
x
≠
R
0
y
and max{
R
0
x
,
R
0
y
} > 1, meaning that the strain with the largest
R
0
persists and eliminates the other strain. In the limit case
R
0
x
=
R
y
0
> 1, an infinite number of endemic equilibria exists and constitute a globally attractive set.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In an epidemic, individuals can widely differ in the way they spread the infection depending on their age or on the number of days they have been infected for. In the absence of pharmaceutical ...interventions such as a vaccine or treatment, non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. physical or social distancing) are essential to mitigate the pandemic. We develop an original approach to identify the optimal age-stratified control strategy to implement as a function of the time since the onset of the epidemic. This is based on a model with a double continuous structure in terms of host age and time since infection. By applying optimal control theory to this model, we identify a solution that minimizes deaths and costs associated with the implementation of the control strategy itself. We also implement this strategy for three countries with contrasted age distributions (Burkina-Faso, France, and Vietnam). Overall, the optimal strategy varies throughout the epidemic, with a more intense control early on, and depending on host age, with a stronger control for the older population, except in the scenario where the cost associated with the control is low. In the latter scenario, we find strong differences across countries because the control extends to the younger population for France and Vietnam 2 to 3 months after the onset of the epidemic, but not for Burkina Faso. Finally, we show that the optimal control strategy strongly outperforms a constant uniform control exerted over the whole population or over its younger fraction. This improved understanding of the effect of age-based control interventions opens new perspectives for the field, especially for age-based contact tracing.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that usually starts during midlife with progressive alterations of motor and cognitive functions. The disease is caused by a CAG ...repeat expansion within the huntingtin gene leading to severe striatal neurodegeneration. Recent studies conducted on pre-HD children highlight early striatal developmental alterations starting as soon as 6 years old, the earliest age assessed. These findings, in line with data from mouse models of HD, raise the questions of when during development do the first disease-related striatal alterations emerge and whether they contribute to the later appearance of the neurodegenerative features of the disease. In this review we will describe the different stages of striatal network development and then discuss recent evidence for its alterations in rodent models of the disease. We argue that a better understanding of the striatum's development should help in assessing aberrant neurodevelopmental processes linked to the HD mutation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this work, we consider a reaction–diffusion system, modeling the interaction between nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Using a semigroup approach in L2, we prove global existence, ...uniqueness, and positivity of the solutions. The nonlinearity is handled by providing estimates in L∞, allowing to deal with most of the functional responses that describe predator/prey interactions (Holling I, II, III, Ivlev) in ecology. The paper finally exhibits some time asymptotic properties of the solutions.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We have modeled the evolutionary epidemiology of spore‐producing plant pathogens in heterogeneous environments sown with several cultivars carrying quantitative resistances. The model explicitly ...tracks the infection‐age structure and genetic composition of the pathogen population. Each strain is characterized by pathogenicity traits determining its infection efficiency and a time‐varying sporulation curve taking into account lesion aging. We first derived a general expression of the basic reproduction number R0 for fungal pathogens in heterogeneous environments. We show that the evolutionary attractors of the model coincide with local maxima of R0 only if the infection efficiency is the same on all host types. We then studied the contribution of three basic resistance characteristics (the pathogenicity trait targeted, resistance effectiveness, and adaptation cost), in interaction with the deployment strategy (proportion of fields sown with a resistant cultivar), to (i) pathogen diversification at equilibrium and (ii) the shaping of transient dynamics from evolutionary and epidemiological perspectives. We show that quantitative resistance affecting only the sporulation curve will always lead to a monomorphic population, whereas dimorphism (i.e., pathogen diversification) can occur if resistance alters infection efficiency, notably with high adaptation costs and proportions of the resistant cultivar. Accordingly, the choice of the quantitative resistance genes operated by plant breeders is a driver of pathogen diversification. From an evolutionary perspective, the time to emergence of the evolutionary attractor best adapted to the resistant cultivar tends to be shorter when resistance affects infection efficiency than when it affects sporulation. Conversely, from an epidemiological perspective, epidemiological control is always greater when the resistance affects infection efficiency. This highlights the difficulty of defining deployment strategies for quantitative resistance simultaneously maximizing epidemiological and evolutionary outcomes.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The Covid-19 pandemic outbreak was followed by a huge amount of modelling studies in order to rapidly gain insights to implement the best public health policies. Most of these compartmental models ...involved ordinary differential equations (ODEs) systems. Such a formalism implicitly assumes that the time spent in each compartment does not depend on the time already spent in it, which is at odds with the clinical data. To overcome this “memoryless” issue, a widely used solution is to increase and chain the number of compartments of a unique reality (
e.g.
have infected individual move between several compartments). This allows for greater heterogeneity and thus be closer to the observed situation, but also tends to make the whole model more difficult to apprehend and parameterize. We develop a non-Markovian alternative formalism based on partial differential equations (PDEs) instead of ODEs, which, by construction, provides a memory structure for each compartment thereby allowing us to limit the number of compartments. We apply our model to the French 2021 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and, while accounting for vaccine-induced and natural immunity, we analyse and determine the major components that contributed to the Covid-19 hospital admissions. The results indicate that the observed vaccination rate alone is not enough to control the epidemic, and a global sensitivity analysis highlights a huge uncertainty attributable to the age-structured contact matrix. Our study shows the flexibility and robustness of PDE formalism to capture national COVID-19 dynamics and opens perspectives to study medium or long-term scenarios involving immune waning or virus evolution.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Le climat grec n’a que très rarement permis la conservation des fibres textiles d’origine animale ou végétale. L’absence de témoignages archéologiques significatifs rend donc difficile l’étude de ...l’aspect réel des vêtements antiques. La coroplathie apporte de nombreux témoignages iconographiques des motifs vestimentaires qui se doivent d’être classés afin d’apporter un maximum d’informations. L’étude de ce corpus permet d’illustrer la richesse de la parure présente sur les vêtements et de suivre l’évolution de leur emploi grâce à des données objectives. Il permet également de mieux comprendre les textiles archéologiques aujourd’hui très fragmentaires. Le présent article propose de présenter la méthodologie adoptée dans le cadre de notre mémoire et les enjeux l’ayant guidée.
As London emerged from the devastation of the Second World War, planners sought to rebuild the city in ways that would reshape the behavior of its citizens—a program defined by a strong emphasis on ...civic order and conservative values of national community. Richard Hornsey examines how queer men legitimized, resisted, and reinvented this ambitious reconstruction program.
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