Plantar dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint is a possible, albeit rare, injury to the foot. The mechanism has been attributed to a hyperflexion motion, with the hallux situated plantar ...to the first metatarsal head. In this article, we provide a case example of an open, plantar dislocation of the first metatarsophalangeal and perform a literature review of this rare injury. Based on x-ray analysis of the published cases, the sesamoids may or may not dislocate with the phalanx based off of the local capsuloligamentous anatomy. As a result, a modified Jahss classification (type 3A and type 3B) has been proposed to amend the existing system, adding plantar dislocations of the first metatarsophalangeal without (type 3A) and with (type 3B) sesamoid dislocation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
ABSTRACT In this paper we present observations, simulations, and analysis demonstrating the direct connection between the location of foreground emission on the sky and its location in cosmological ...power spectra from interferometric redshifted 21 cm experiments. We begin with a heuristic formalism for understanding the mapping of sky coordinates into the cylindrically averaged power spectra measurements used by 21 cm experiments, with a focus on the effects of the instrument beam response and the associated sidelobes. We then demonstrate this mapping by analyzing power spectra with both simulated and observed data from the Murchison Widefield Array. We find that removing a foreground model that includes sources in both the main field of view and the first sidelobes reduces the contamination in high k modes by several per cent relative to a model that only includes sources in the main field of view, with the completeness of the foreground model setting the principal limitation on the amount of power removed. While small, a percent-level amount of foreground power is in itself more than enough to prevent recovery of any Epoch of Reionization signal from these modes. This result demonstrates that foreground subtraction for redshifted 21 cm experiments is truly a wide-field problem, and algorithms and simulations must extend beyond the instrument's main field of view to potentially recover the full 21 cm power spectrum.
Interferometric arrays seeking to measure the 21 cm signal from the epoch of reionization (EOR) must contend with overwhelmingly bright emission from foreground sources. Accurate recovery of the 21 ...cm signal will require precise calibration of the array, and several new avenues for calibration have been pursued in recent years, including methods using redundancy in the antenna configuration. The newly upgraded Phase II of Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is the first interferometer that has large numbers of redundant baselines while retaining good instantaneous UV coverage. This array therefore provides a unique opportunity to compare redundant calibration with sky-model-based algorithms. In this paper, we present the first results from comparing both calibration approaches with MWA Phase II observations. For redundant calibration, we use the package OMNICAL and produce sky-based calibration solutions with the analysis package Fast Holographic Deconvolution (FHD). There are three principal results: (1) We report the success of OMNICAL on observations of ORBComm satellites, showing substantial agreement between redundant visibility measurements after calibration. (2) We directly compare OMNICAL calibration solutions with those from FHD and demonstrate that these two different calibration schemes give extremely similar results. (3) We explore improved calibration by combining OMNICAL and FHD. We evaluate these combined methods using power spectrum techniques developed for EOR analysis and find evidence for marginal improvements mitigating artifacts in the power spectrum. These results are likely limited by the signal-to-noise ratio in the 6 hr of data used, but they suggest future directions for combining these two calibration schemes.
Individuals differences in information processing related to cognitive style were investigated by EEG recording during cognitive tasks. Fifteen adults received the Cognitive Styles Analysis which ...assessed their positions on two dimensions: the wholist-analytic and the verbal-imagery. The EEG from midline, paramedial and lateral electrode clusters was recorded, while subjects viewed words presented at different rates. A button was pressed when a word was in a target conceptual category. Off-line analysis produced spectral powers for delta, theta, alpha, beta 1, beta 2 and gamma bands. For the midline, the wholists had higher output than analytics in theta and alpha, but lower in gamma. In the paramedial cluster, verbalisers had greater right power than imagers for all bands except alpha. Further, the overall power was greater on the right for imagers than verbalisers frontally, and the converse occipitally. In the lateral grouping, the wholist-verbalisers had greater overall power left antero-temporally than other sub-groups.
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The Paleocene (66–56Ma) was a critical time interval for understanding recovery from mass extinction in high palaeolatitudes when global climate was warmer than today. A unique sedimentary succession ...from Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) provides key reference material from this important phase of the early Cenozoic. Dinoflagellate cyst data from a 376m thick stratigraphical section, including the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, is correlated with biozones from New Zealand, the East Tasman Plateau and southeastern Australia. A detailed age model is suggested for the López de Bertodano (LDBF) and Sobral (SF) formations based on dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and U–Pb dating of zircons, supported by correlated magnetostratigraphy and strontium isotope values from macrofossils. The top of the LDBF is confirmed as latest Maastrichtian to earliest Danian (~66.2–65.65Ma) in age. The overlying SF is mostly Danian in age, with an inferred hiatus near the top overlain by sediments dated as ?late Thanetian. Rare Apectodinium homomorphum first appear in the uppermost SF; the earliest in situ record from Antarctica. The distribution of marine and terrestrial fossils from uppermost Cretaceous to Eocene sediments in Patagonia, Antarctica, New Zealand and Australia required both sea and land connections between these fragments of Gondwana. Fossil evidence and reconstructions of Antarctic palaeogeography and palaeotopography reveal evidence for persistent embayments in the proto-Weddell and Ross Sea regions at this time. We conclude that a coastal dispersal route along the palaeo-Pacific margin of Gondwana could explain the fossil distribution without requiring a transAntarctic strait or closely spaced archipelago. A region in the West to East Antarctic boundary zone, elevated until the early Paleogene, perhaps acted as a site for high elevation ice caps. This supports fossil, geochemical and sedimentological evidence for cold climate intervals and significant sea level falls during the Maastrichtian and Paleocene.
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•A new high resolution, shallow marine section for the Paleocene of Antarctica.•The earliest in situ record of Apectodinium homomorphum from Antarctica.•A coastal dispersal route was possible along the palaeo-Pacific margin of Gondwana.
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Our ability to identify the mechanisms by which carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) exert toxicity in cells is constrained by the lack of standardized methodologies to assay endpoint effects. Herein we ...describe a method of mechanistically identifying the effects of various CBN types in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using multi-beam synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared imaging (SR-FTIRI) at diffraction-limited resolution. This technique overcomes many of the inherent difficulties of assaying nanotoxicity and demonstrates exceptional sensitivity in identifying the effects of CBNs in cells at environmentally-relevant concentrations. We identify key mechanisms of nanotoxicity as the alteration of Amide and lipid biomolecules, but propose more specific bioactivity of CBNs occurs as a result of specific interactions between CBN structural conformation and cellular characteristics.
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► Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to nanotoxicity than Gram-positive. ► Amide and lipid biomolecule alterations are consistent mechanisms of nanotoxicity. ► Specific bioactivity is a function of cell and CBN type combinations. ► IR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis is a robust method of assaying nanotoxicity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Temporary road sections for the A303 bypass at Ilminster, Somerset, revealed Upper Pliensbachian and Toarcian sediments from an alternating limestone-marl facies, in marked contrast to the ...limestone-dominated Dorset coast succession. The lithostratigraphy is described, with the standard ammonite zonation providing chronostratigraphical correlation. The uppermost Pliensbachian (Spinatum Chronozone) and much of the Toarcian (Serpentinum, Bifrons, Variabilis, Thouarsense and Pseudoradiosa chronozones) of the classic Dorset coast Lower Jurassic sequence are represented by the Beacon Limestone Formation, formerly the 'Junction Bed' (a highly condensed carbonate deposit). The Tenuicostatum Chronozone is largely missing from the sequence. Elsewhere in southern and eastern England this interval is poorly or rarely exposed. The argillaceous units have yielded rich microfaunas and -floras (foraminifera, ostracods, calcareous nannofossils and palynomorphs), the biostratigraphical distributions of which are analysed and discussed in relation to contemporary evolutionary patterns and other UK records. This study provides an insight into the micro-biostratigraphy of the Late Pliensbachian to Toarcian interval for onshore southern England.
New 87Sr/86Sr dating allows the correlation of a marker horizon within the prolific Late Cretaceous #ITGunnarites antarcticus#ME faunal assemblage of the Cape Lamb Member, Snow Hill Island Formation, ...Vega Island, Antarctica with reference sections in Europe and the USA. This horizon is between 81.5 and 96.5m above the base of the #ITG. antarcticus#ME assemblage. Replicate analysis of six macrofossils from within it yielded a mean value for 87Sr/86Sr of .707 735 9 ± .000 004 3 (±2 s.e., n=17). This ratio in turn yields a numerical age of 71.0 ± 0.2 Ma when compared to the standard 87Sr/86Sr reference curve for the latest Cretaceous, for which the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary is placed at 71.3 ± .5 Ma. The value of .707 735 9 ± .000 004 3 correlates to a level in the #ITBelemnella lanceolata#ME belemnite Zone of the Chalk of northwestern Germany that is 2.5 ± 5 m beneath the base of the overlying #ITB. pseudobtusa#ME Zone (and 7.5 m above the Campanian-Maastrichtian belemnite boundary), and to an interval within the ammonite zonation of the US Western Interior that spans the early Maastrichtian #ITBaculites baculus#ME and #ITB. eliasi#ME zones, but with a most likely level within the #ITB. eliasi#ME Zone. An earliest Maastrichtian age is thereby determined for the Antarctic horizon, and indeed for the entire #ITG. antarcticus#ME assemblage. #ITGunnarites, sensu lato#ME, is an important ammonite marker for the base of the Maastrichtian throughout the southern high-latitude regions, and the associated large heteromorph ammonite #ITDiplomoceras#ME may comprise a macrofossil link back to the Maastrichtian type sections.
The Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation is a C
org-rich sequence of mudrocks that was deposited in a dysoxic basin, which served, unusually, to preserve primary coccolithophorid proportions. ...Strikingly contrasting within this dark-coloured formation are the white coccolith stone bands, which contain pristinely preserved coccolithophorid assemblages, preserving potentially primary coccolithophorid abundances, with minimal diagenetic alteration.
Using methodology described herein, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of μm-scale laminae within selected stone bands has revealed five distinctive types of ‘microlamina’, Type 1 being barren clay, Type 2 comprising coccoliths associated with varying amounts of clay or amorphous organic matter, Type 3 being purely coccolithic, Type 4 being of putative microbial origin, and Type 5 containing frequent calcispheres. These are all described and illustrated here. Illustrated sequences of these are discussed with reference to an hypothetical model sequence, based on modern records, representing a Kimmeridgian year of coccolithophorid productivity. Annual signals are thus interpreted.
Based on the observations presented here, and including summaries of the palynomorph records from the stone bands, we comment on watznaueriacean palaeoecology, and particularly the interpretation of
Watznaueria fossacincta/
barnesiae as an opportunistic, growth-maximising taxon.
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