To assess an immunization schedule combining oral (OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV), a clinical trial was conducted in The Gambia, Oman, and Thailand. Children were randomized to ...receive OPV at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age; OPV at birth followed by both OPV and IPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age; or placebo at birth followed by IPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Serum specimens were available at 24 weeks for 1291 (77%) of 1685 enrolled infants. In the combined-schedule group, the proportion of children seropositive at 24 weeks was 95%–99% for type 1,99%–100% for type 2, and 97%–100% for type 3. In The Gambia and Oman, the combined schedule performed significantly better than OPV for type 1 (95%–97% vs. 88%–90%) and type 3 (97%–99% vs. 72%–73%). Across the study sites, IPV given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age provided inadequate protection against poliovirus. The combined schedule provided the highest levels of serum antibody response, with mucosal immunity equivalent to that produced by OPV alone.
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Infrequent trading induces biased estimates of the beta risk coefficient. This paper reports on the efficacy of approaches that seek to correct for this bias and documents the extent of thin trading ...among New Zealand securities. Parameter estimates free of the thin‐trading bias are obtained. These are compared with estimates obtained using ordinary least squares (OLS) applied in the conventional manner to nonsynchronous data, with and without bias‐correcting procedures. OLS beta estimates are found to be less biased, more efficient, and as consistent when compared with Dimson or Scholes‐Williams estimators. Lower beta estimates are associated with lower trading frequencies.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Objective: To investigate the association of enteroviruses with motor neurone disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Design: Analysis by enterovirus polymerase chain reaction ...of wax embedded material from spinal cords taken at necropsy from subjects with motor neurone disease and from age and sex matched controls. Setting - Specimens were collected in the west of Scotland and in London between 1982 and 1992. Results: Sequences specific for a non-poliovirus type enterovirus were detected in spinal cord tissue from subjects with motor neurone disease. Amplification of a 414 base RNA target sequence in the conserved enterovirus 5' untranslated region from wax embedded tissue sections was successful in tissue from eight of 11 cases of sporadic motor neurone disease, one of two cases of familial motor neurone disease, and the one case of poliomyelitis, but not in the six matched controls or one case of antecedent poliomyelitis. In addition, sequences were detected in spinal cords from one monkey infected with wild type poliovirus and one monkey infected with polio vaccine. Comparison of sequences from cases of motor neurone disease with sequences of corresponding regions of the 5' untranslated regions of known picornaviruses showed them to be tightly grouped within the enterovirus genus closely related to coxsackievirus type B but not to polioviruses. Sequences derived from different parts of the spinal cord of the same subjects were identical, but sequences differed between individual subjects. Conclusions: Conserved enteroviral sequences closely related to coxsackie B virus sequences were detectable in spinal cords from subjects with sporadic motor neurone disease and from one subject with possible familial motor neurone disease.
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Nucleolar involvement in the regulation of the activity-rest-quiescence cycle of the vascular cambium was assessed by determining the seasonal variation in number, diameter, and volume of nucleoli in ...fusiform cells of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. The cells were isolated from 1- and 19-yr-old cambia and stained with either silver nitrate or Feulgen + naphthol yellow-S. The ability of fusiform cells to incorporate 5(-3)H-uridine into nuclei and nucleoli was also determined. In the 1-yr-old cambium, the activity of the nucleoli, as evidenced by their diameter, total volume per cell, and intensity of staining with silver nitrate, exhibited two maxima during the year--a large one during cambial reactivation in April-May and a small one during the rest-quiescence transition in October. Incorporation of radiolabeled uridine at 20 C was low at the end of the active period and increased during the rest-quiescence transition, suggesting that the quiescent, but not the resting, cambium can rapidly resume nucleolar activity when the temperature is permissive. The number of nucleoli per cell varied between two and eight, and was higher during the dormant than the active period. The increase in number took place during the autumnal activity-rest-quiescence transition, when cambial cells were arrested in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Similar seasonal changes in nucleolar morphology were observed in the 19-yr-old cambium. Nucleolar diameter and total nucleolar volume were larger in the 19-yr-old cambium than in the 1-yr-old cambium, whereas nucleolar number was lower. The results suggest that repression of rRNA genes underlies the development of rest when the cambium will not produce new cells
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Boophilus microplus contains a nucleotidase-like enzyme which is able to hydrolyze a range of nucleoside 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates to the nucleoside. Its relationship to several other ...nucleotide hydrolyzing enzymes has been explored. Limited peptide sequencing shows similarities to both mammalian nucleotidases and the Escherichia coli uridine diphosphate sugar hydrolase. The tick enzyme also hydrolyzes UDP-glucose, though by a mechanism different to that of the bacterial enzyme. On the other hand, it resembles the mammalian nucleotidases in that there is evidence that it is attached to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.
The leading carriage horses in Poland were used for the study. In order to characterize their exterior, a series of zoometric measurements of their trunks and front and hind legs were taken. The ...study employed a photozoometric method, developed by the authors. This allowed for estimating the length and joint angle of particular sections of the front and hind legs. The measurements results allowed for the calculation of: 7 indices of the horse body structure, 10 indicators which characterize the proportions of the front and hind leg fragments in relation to the height at withers, as well as the angles between them and estimation of the horse body weight. The average zoometric parameters of the horses included in the study as well as the build indices based on them, adopted the values typical of light breeds of carriage horses. The photozoometric method was found to be usable in estimating the zoometric parameters of horses
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