The u- and d-quark contributions to the elastic nucleon electromagnetic form factors have been determined by using experimental data on G(E)(n), G(M)(n), G(E)(p), and G(M)(p). Such a flavor ...separation of the form factors became possible up to negative four-momentum transfer squared Q(2) = 3.4 GeV(2) with recent data on G(E)(n) from Hall A at Jefferson Lab. For Q(2) above 1 GeV(2), for both the u and the d quark, the ratio of the Pauli and Dirac form factors, F(2)/F(1), was found to be almost constant in sharp contrast to the behavior of F(2)/F(1) for the proton as a whole. Also, again for Q(2)>1 GeV(2), both F(2)(d) and F(1)(d) are roughly proportional to 1/Q(4), whereas the dropoff of F(2)(u) and F(1)(u) is more gradual.
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This compilation first details the ways the Plan for the Alliance for Prosperity in Honduras sought to generate sources of employment, develop human capital, improve citizen security and access to ...justice, and strengthen institutions. The authors go on to explore the transformation of the Honduran agricultural sector in the context of the modernization process of the past four decades. A framework for discussion on agricultural value chains, competitiveness, sustainable landscape and markets is proposed in closing.
ObjectiveTo conduct an updated literature review and meta-analysis of studies of pleural malignant mesothelioma (PMM) risk among persons exposed to asbestos non-occupationally (household and ...neighbourhood).MethodsWe performed a literature search for articles available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s PubMed database published between 1967 and 2016. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled PMM risk estimates, stratifying for household or neighbourhood exposure to asbestos and/or predominant asbestos fibre type (chrysotile, amphibole or mixed).ResultsEighteen studies in 12 countries comprising 665 cases met the meta-analysis inclusion criteria. We identified 13 estimates of PMM risk from neighbourhood exposures, 10 from household and one from mixed exposure, and combined the estimates using random-effects models. The overall meta-relative risk (meta-RR) was 5.9 (95% CI 4.4 to 8.7). The meta-RRs for household and neighbourhood exposures were 5.4 (95% CI 2.6 to 11.2) and 6.9 (95% CI 4.2 to 11.4), respectively. We observed trends in risk in relation to fibre type for both household and neighbourhood studies. For chrysotile, mixed and amphibole fibres, respectively, meta-RRs for neighbourhood studies were 3.8 (95% CI 0.4 to 38.4), 8.4 (95% CI 4.7 to 14.9) and 21.1 (95% CI 5.3 to 84.5) and meta-RRs for household studies were 4.0 (95% CI 0.8 to 18.8), 5.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 15.0) and 21.1 (95% CI 2.8 to 156.0).ConclusionsPMM risks from non-occupational asbestos exposure are consistent with the fibre-type potency response observed in occupational settings. By relating our findings to knowledge of exposure-response relationships in occupational settings, we can better evaluate PMM risks in communities with ambient asbestos exposures from industrial or other sources.
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4.
Neutral-current weak interactions at an EIC Zhao, Y. X.; Deshpande, A.; Huang, J. ...
The European physical journal. A, Hadrons and nuclei,
03/2017, Volume:
53, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
.
A simulation study of measurements of neutral current structure functions of the nucleon at the future high-energy and high-luminosity polarized electron-ion collider (EIC) is presented. A new ...series of
γ
-
Z
interference structure functions,
F
1
γ
Z
,
F
3
γ
Z
,
g
1
γ
Z
,
g
5
γ
Z
become accessible via parity-violating asymmetries in polarized electron-nucleon deep inelastic scattering (DIS). Within the context of the quark-parton model, they provide a unique and, in some cases, yet-unmeasured combination of unpolarized and polarized parton distribution functions. The uncertainty projections for these structure functions using electron-proton collisions are considered for various EIC beam energy configurations. Also presented are uncertainty projections for measurements of the weak mixing angle
sin
2
θ
W
using electron-deuteron collisions which cover a much higher
Q
2
than that accessible in fixed target measurements. QED and QCD radiative corrections and effects of detector smearing are included with the calculations.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The fundamental theory of the strong interaction-quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-provides the foundational framework with which to describe and understand the key properties of atomic nuclei. A deep ...understanding of the explicit role of quarks and gluons in nuclei remains elusive however, as these effects have thus far been well-disguised by confinement effects in QCD which are encapsulated by a successful description in terms of effective hadronic degrees of freedom. The observation of the EMC effect has provided an enduring indication for explicit QCD effects in nuclei, and points to the medium modification of the bound protons and neutrons in the nuclear medium. Understanding the EMC effect is a major challenge for modern nuclear physics, and several key questions remain, such as understanding its flavor, spin, and momentum dependence. This manuscript provides a contemporary snapshot of our understanding of the role of QCD in nuclei and outlines possible pathways in experiment and theory that will help deepen our understanding of nuclei in the context of QCD.
Accessible summary
What is known on the subject?
Community care has evolved beyond recognition since the closure of the asylums and the introduction of a socially inclusive concept of care. Through ...their gatekeeping role, Crisis Resolution Home Treatment Teams (CRHTT) aim to reduce inappropriate admissions, facilitate early discharge and maximize the ability of service users to live independently within their own communities. It is evident that there is a vast array of literature on CRHTT internationally, however, little evidence on nurses experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping. In light of limited research, this study aims to expand the current evidence base by exploring nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities.
What the paper adds to existing knowledge?
The findings from this study provide a valuable contribution to the existing international literature base, highlighting the experiences of nurses as gatekeepers within CRHTT. It also helps to identify further gaps in the literature that can be addressed through future research.
What are the implications for practice?
This research study has a number of academic and clinical implications. As gatekeeping is an integral aspect of the work conducted by CRHTT, a closer look at nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities can help inform future developments within the service whilst identifying the necessary improvements to current working practices. It can also add to the existing evidence base on CRHTT and gatekeeping.
Introduction
Through their gatekeeping role, CRHTT aim to reduce inappropriate admissions, facilitate early discharge from hospital and maximize the ability of service users to live independently within their own communities. It is evident that there is a vast array of literature on CRHTT internationally, however, little evidence on nurses experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping. Therefore, in the light of limited research, this study aims to expand the current evidence base by exploring nurse's experiences of working in CRHTT with its additional gatekeeping responsibilities.
Methodology
Six nurses working across two CRHTT's were interviewed using semi‐structured interviews. Data were analysed through the use of thematic analysis.
Results
Four key themes emerged which were, ‘CRHTT as a specialist role’, ‘core principles of the gatekeeping role’, ‘redefining risk management for gatekeepers in CRHTT’ and ‘the future of gatekeeping’.
Discussion
It is evident through nurse's experiences of working within CRHTT and gatekeeping that their roles were very dynamic and challenging. A positive risk‐taking approach contributed towards the success of CRHTT as gatekeepers. Family members played a significant role in ensuring gatekeeping remained a priority consistent with Government targets. Clinical Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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. Kurtovic J, Riordan SM (The Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Paracetamol‐induced hepatotoxicity at recommended dosage (Case report). J Intern Med ...2003; 253: 240–243.
In patients who develop liver damage following moderate paracetamol overdose in the order of 5–10 g daily, recent fasting and nutritional impairment have been identified as key precipitants. Hepatotoxicity caused by paracetamol at recommended dosage, in the absence of exposure to enzyme‐inducing drugs, has recently been described as an idiosyncratic phenomenon. The possible importance of fasting and malnutrition in this setting is uncertain. We report a severely malnourished 53‐year‐old woman who developed severe hepatotoxicity whilst receiving paracetamol at recommended dosage (4 g daily) following a period of fasting, in the absence of enzyme‐inducing agents. Subsequent paracetamol exposure up to 2.6 g daily thrice weekly, in the setting of ongoing malnutrition and fasting as before, did not lead to recurrent liver damage. These findings indicate that paracetamol‐related liver damage occurring within recommended dosage guidelines can be a dose‐dependent rather than necessarily idiosyncratic phenomenon, at least in the setting of recent fasting and severe malnutrition.
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Summary
Portal vein thrombosis may occur in the presence or absence of underlying liver disease, and a combination of local and systemic factors are increasingly recognized to be important in its ...development. Acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis have traditionally been considered separately, although a clear clinical distinction may be difficult. Gastrooesophageal varices are an important complication of portal vein thrombosis, but they follow a different natural history to those with portal hypertension related to cirrhosis. Consensus on optimal treatment continues to be hampered by a lack of randomized trials, but recent studies demonstrate the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in acute thrombosis, and the apparent safety and benefit of anticoagulation in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis.
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Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy Riordan, Stephen M; Williams, Roger
The New England journal of medicine,
08/1997, Volume:
337, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hepatic encephalopathy is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that may occur in such diverse clinical situations as inherited errors of the urea cycle, acute or chronic liver disease, and spontaneous ...or iatrogenic portosystemic venous shunting, including that following procedures to establish a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome range from subtle abnormalities detectable only by psychometric testing to deep coma. Several grading systems have been proposed; one based on clinical and electroencephalographic abnormalities is shown in Table 1.
1
Hepatic encephalopathy may be present in 50 to 70 percent of all patients with cirrhosis, including those with abnormalities demonstrable . . .
Activation of macrophages by endotoxin is assumed responsible for increased circulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) levels in cirrhosis. Relevant to this is ...expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2, which is critically involved in production of TNF-α in response to endotoxin and Gram-positive microbial stimuli, respectively. The first studies on this in cirrhosis are reported here. In 36 cirrhotic patients and 32 controls, we measured (1) circulating endotoxin, TNF-α, and sTNFR levels; (2) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) expression of TLR4 and TLR2, and (3)
in vitro TNF-α production by PBMCs stimulated with endotoxin or
Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). PBMC expression of TLR2, circulating TNF-α levels, and
in vitro TNF-α production were reassessed after supplementation with a synbiotic regimen known to increase intestinal levels of Gram-positive bacteria. Endotoxin, TNF-α, and sTNFR levels were significantly increased in cirrhosis. Endotoxin levels did not correlate significantly with other parameters. PBMC expression of TLR2 but not TLR4 was significantly up-regulated in cirrhosis and correlated significantly with serum TNF-α and sTNFR levels.
In vitro TNF-α production by PBMCs stimulated by SEB was significantly blunted. Supplementation with the synbiotic regimen resulted in significant up-regulation of PBMC expression of TLR2. Serum TNF-α levels were further increased and
in vitro TNF-α production further reduced in most patients. In conclusion, up-regulation of PBMC expression of TLR2 but not TLR4 occurs in cirrhosis, which implies, contrary to previous assumptions, an important stimulatory role for Gram-positive microbial components but not endotoxin. TLR2 likely contributes to increased circulating TNF-α and sTNFR levels in cirrhosis. H
epatology 2003;37:1154-1164.)
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