This paper uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bound Testing cointegration approach to study Pakistan's long-term relationship between internal conflict, economic growth, and human ...development. We show that, by offering better opportunities and reducing radicalization, education could help reduce conflict in Pakistan. However, the government's spending on its defense budget is high and results in low social spending. We also show a positive contribution to conflict reduction by public order, which justifies the anti-terrorist policy. It also seems that economic reforms and wealth do not help to reduce internal conflicts in Pakistan. This result could illustrate a situation where globalization is perceived as a threat, and economic growth finance political and social unrest. Political rights and civil liberties do not seem to reduce conflict either; periods of democracy have experienced a resurgence of violence. Pakistan could be caught in a development trap with conflict being a key variable to consider before seeing the benefits of reforming the country.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
First measurements are presented of the diffractive cross section sigma(ep) -> eXY at centre-of-mass energies root s of 225 and 252 GeV, together with a precise new measurement at root s of 319 GeV, ...using data taken with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007. Together with previous H1 data at root s of 301 GeV, the measurements are used to extract the diffractive longitudinal structure function F(L)(D) in the range of photon virtualities 4.0 <= Q(2) <= 44.0 GeV(2) and fractional proton longitudinal momentum loss 5 x 10(-4) <= x(P) <= 3 x 10(-3). The measured F(L)(D) is compared with leading twist predictions based on diffractive parton densities extracted in NLO QCD fits to previous measurements of diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering and with a model which additionally includes a higher twist contribution derived from a colour dipole approach. The ratio of the diffractive cross section induced by longitudinally polarised photons to that for transversely polarised photons is extracted and compared with the analogous quantity for inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gladiolus flower is assuming great importance in the state of Jammu and Kashmir like in other states of the country. Keeping this in view, a study has been conducted to analyse the economics of ...gladiolus cultivation for the years 2011–12 and 2012–2013 in Jammu district of J&K state. Primary data on costs and returns of the crop were collected by interviewing the farmers through personal visits with the help of an especially structured and pre-tested schedule. The per acre cost of cultivation (C2) of gladiolus were estimated to be 210140.00 in the first year and 70140.00 in second year on sampled farms. The ‘Cost A1 ’ constituted the whole direct cost were 159116.80 and 19116.80/acre, ‘Cost A2’ were 170316.80 and 30316.80 per acre, ‘Cost B1 ’ were 164815 and 24815.00 per acre, ‘Cost B2 ’ were 208580.00 and 68580.00 per acre and ‘Cost C1 ’ was 166375.00 and 26375.00 per acre for first year and second year respectively on sampled farms. The gross return was 300000.00 per acre in both years on sampled farms. The net return was highest in case of second year i.e. 229860.00 per acre compared to the net return in first year i.e. 89860.00/acre. The Cost-Benefit ratio was highest in case of second year (4.28) compared to that of first year (1.43).
Four series of 56 new thiadiazepinoquinoline amines were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques (NMR, IR, and MS) and elemental analysis. All the compounds were screened for in ...vitro anti-microbial activity. Highest inhibitory activity (MIC of 0.03 mg/ml) was exerted by
2e
against
Bacillus subtilis
and
Streptococcus pyogenes
,
2f
against
Escherichia coli
and
Streptococcus pyogenes
, and
4k
against only
Bacillus subtilis
. Only compounds
1g
and
2g
revealed potent anti-fungal activity (MIC 0.03 mg/ml) compared to the standard against
Alternaria alternata
. Most of the compounds exhibited better anti-bacterial activity than anti-fungal activity against the microorganisms employed in this study. These studies suggest that the thiadiazepinoquinoline scaffold may serve as a new promising template for further elaboration as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal drugs.
Graphical Abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Inclusive production of
D
∗
mesons in deep-inelastic
ep
scattering at HERA is studied in the range 5<
Q
2
<100 GeV
2
of the photon virtuality and 0.02<
y
<0.7 of the inelasticity of the scattering ...process. The observed phase space for the
D
∗
meson is
p
T
(
D
∗
)>1.25 GeV and |
η
(
D
∗
)|<1.8. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 348 pb
−1
collected with the H1 detector. Single and double differential cross sections are measured and the charm contribution
to the proton structure function
F
2
is determined. The results are compared to perturbative QCD predictions at next-to-leading order implementing different schemes for the charm mass treatment and with Monte Carlo models based on leading order matrix elements with parton showers.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A measurement of the proton structure function F_{\!2}(x,Q^2) is reported for momentum transfer squared Q^2 between 4.5 GeV^2 and 1600 GeV^2 and for Bjorken x between 1.8\cdot10^{-4} and 0.13 using ...data collected by the HERA experiment H1 in 1993. It is observed that F_{\!2} increases significantly with decreasing x, confirming our previous measurement made with one tenth of the data available in this analysis. The Q^2 dependence is approximately logarithmic over the full kinematic range covered. The subsample of deep inelastic events with a large pseudo-rapidity gap in the hadronic energy flow close to the proton remnant is used to measure the "diffractive" contribution to F_{\!2}.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A measurement of the inclusive
ep
scattering cross section is presented in the region of low momentum transfers, 0.2 GeV
2
≤
Q
2
≤12 GeV
2
, and low Bjorken
x
, 5⋅10
−6
≤
x
≤0.02. The result is based ...on two data sets collected in dedicated runs by the H1 Collaboration at HERA at beam energies of 27.6 GeV and 920 GeV for positrons and protons, respectively. A combination with data previously published by H1 leads to a cross section measurement of a few percent accuracy. A kinematic reconstruction method exploiting radiative
ep
events extends the measurement to lower
Q
2
and larger
x
. The data are compared with theoretical models which apply to the transition region from photoproduction to deep inelastic scattering.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The production of jets is studied in deep-inelastic
e
+
p
scattering at low negative four momentum transfer squared 5<
Q
2
<100 GeV
2
and at inelasticity 0.2<
y
<0.7 using data recorded by the H1 ...detector at HERA in the years 1999 and 2000, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 43.5 pb
−1
. Inclusive jet, 2-jet and 3-jet cross sections as well as the ratio of 3-jet to 2-jet cross sections are measured as a function of
Q
2
and jet transverse momentum. The 2-jet cross section is also measured as a function of the proton momentum fraction
ξ
. The measurements are well described by perturbative quantum chromodynamics at next-to-leading order corrected for hadronisation effects and are subsequently used to extract the strong coupling
α
s
.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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