Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of new organic polymers showing tuneable permanent porosity and crystallinity. They are formed, using modular chemistry concepts, by ...condensation reactions between their molecular precursors based on the formation of dynamic bonds. Despite much effort having been devoted towards the design of the physical and/or chemical properties of these materials by selecting their initial building blocks, the importance of processability for their applications has only recently emerged. This tutorial review article rationalizes the strategies used so far on COF processability leading to the formation of thin-films, membranes, or individual particles with controlled shape and size as well as composite fabrication. We aim to provide a rational perspective of the importance of COF processability towards potential applications of COFs in many different fields which are at the forefront of research in materials science.
This tutorial provides a perspective on the processability of covalent organic frameworks, an emerging class of new organic polymers, towards their potential applications.
Breaking the sound barrier in holography Hoyos, Carlos; Jokela, Niko; Rodríguez Fernández, David ...
Physical review. D,
11/2016, Volume:
94, Issue:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
It has been conjectured that the speed of sound in holographic models with UV fixed points has an upper bound set by the value of the quantity in conformal field theory. If true, this would set ...stringent constraints for the presence of strongly coupled quark matter in the cores of physical neutron stars, as the existence of two-solar-mass stars appears to demand a very stiff equation of state. In this article, we present a family of counterexamples to the speed of sound conjecture, consisting of strongly coupled theories at finite density. The theories we consider include N=4 super Yang-Mills at finite R-charge density and nonzero gaugino masses, while the holographic duals are Einstein-Maxwell theories with a minimally coupled scalar in a charged black hole geometry. We show that for a small breaking of conformal invariance, the speed of sound approaches the conformal value from above at large chemical potentials.
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Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) results from malignant transformation of mesothelial cells. Past asbestos
exposure represents a major risk factor for MPM and other benign pleural ...disease. Soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP)
have been regarded as a promising serum biomarker for MPM. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of SMRP in
malignant and nonmalignant asbestos-related pleural disease.
Patients: Four groups of patients were investigated: group 1 composed of 48 healthy subjects, group 2 composed of 177 patients
with previous asbestos exposure and no pleural disease, group 3 composed of 36 patients with MPM, and group 4 composed of
101 patients with previous asbestos exposure and benign pleural disease. Serum SMRP levels were determined by ELISA.
Results: Serum SMRP levels were significantly higher among group 3 than the other three groups. There were no differences
in SMRP concentrations between groups 2 and 4. Subjects exposed to asbestos had higher SMRP concentrations than normal control
subjects regardless of the presence of pleural disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for SMRP
values was 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.83). The SMRP level at 0.55 nmol/L/L was determined as the most optimal cutoff
value with resulting sensitivity and specificity of 72% and 72% for the diagnosis of MPM.
Conclusions: These data attest to good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SMRP for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma.
We have also shown that serum SMRP levels might serve as a marker of asbestos exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2009;18(2):646–50)
In this work, the recent advances for rapid prototyping in the orthoprosthetic industry are presented. Specifically, the manufacturing process of orthoprosthetic aids are analysed, as thier use is ...widely extended in orthopedic surgery. These devices are devoted to either correct posture or movement (orthosis) or to substitute a body segment (prosthesis) while maintaining functionality. The manufacturing process is traditionally mainly hand-crafted: The subject's morphology is taken by means of plaster molds, and the manufacture is performed individually, by adjusting the prototype over the subject. This industry has incorporated computer aided design (CAD), computed aided engineering (CAE) and computed aided manufacturing (CAM) tools; however, the true revolution is the result of the application of rapid prototyping technologies (RPT). Techniques such as fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and 3D printing (3DP) are some examples of the available methodologies in the manufacturing industry that, step by step, are being included in the rehabilitation engineering market-an engineering field with growth and prospects in the coming years. In this work we analyse different methodologies for additive manufacturing along with the principal methods for collecting 3D body shapes and their application in the manufacturing of functional devices for rehabilitation purposes such as splints, ankle-foot orthoses, or arm prostheses.
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Protected areas (PAs) aim at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the long term. Despite the remarkable growth in area covered by PAs in recent years, biodiversity trends continue to ...worsen as a result of serious global pressures such as habitat destruction and degradation. One main cause of habitat destruction and degradation is land development that implies the replacement of natural land uses–land covers (LULCs) with artificial ones. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of four PA networks at preventing land development in Spain, a biodiversity‐rich country that has experienced recent rapid environmental transformations, using two models of increased validity: an original model and a biophysically enhanced model. We applied a before–after control–impact (BACI) design whereby absolute artificial area increase (AAI) and relative artificial area increase (RAI) were compared across PA categories (nature reserves NRs, nature parks NPs, Sites of Community Importance SCIs, and Special Protection Areas SPAs), study zones (coastal and inland), and climates (Atlantic and Mediterranean) using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data and two control zones: 1‐ and 5‐km buffers around protected polygons. NRs prevented land development, whereas other categories reduced it moderately to very substantially in the assessed period. AAI was especially intense in inland SPAs and NPs. NRs and NPs were the most effective PA categories inland, whereas NRs and SPAs were the most effective ones on the coast. Land development was greater on the Spanish coast than inland inside and outside PAs, especially around Macaronesian and Mediterranean PAs. Atlantic PAs experienced similar or greater land development values than surrounding areas. Our results are intended to guide future conservation efforts in Spain, chiefly on its heavily pressured coastal environment.
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Antimonene fabricated by mechanical exfoliation is highly stable under atmospheric conditions over periods of months and even when immersed in water. Density functional theory confirms the ...experiments and predicts an electronic gap of ≈1 eV. These results highlight the use of antimonene for optoelectronics applications.
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On the leave: Easily generated triflate boron subphthalocyanines are highly activated universal substrates for efficient axial substitution reactions with oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon ...nucleophiles (see picture).
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Impacts of the legal designation of protected areas (PAs) may have contrasting implications for different stakeholders, and at different spatial scales. In this study, we analysed the organisational ...perception on the socioeconomic effects of PA designation from all sectors of activity in Spain, accounting for PAs’ legal stringency. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 68 organisations at national, regional (Andalusia) and local scales (two municipalities in the Almeria province, Andalusia) through an online survey. Local stakeholders and the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors were most concerned about the social and economic impacts of PAs designation on their organisations. By contrast, organisations at the national or regional scales together with public institutions, the quaternary sector and other miscellaneous stakeholders perceived predominantly positive effects. Only national organisations perceived an increase in local social and economic effects from the designation of legally stringent PAs with regard to multiple-use PAs.
Recent developments in the area of H-bonded supramolecular assemblies of π-conjugated systems, that is, oligomers and polymers, are described. The state-of-the-art summary of the recent developments ...in the design of discrete systems and functional materials is presented.
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