O presente artigo se debruça sobre o ensino superior no Brasil considerando sua história bem como analisando os parâmetros educacionais que abrangem o ensino de um modo geral e o ensino superior em ...particular. O breve histórico, que se estende desde o período colonial até os anos 2010, tem por objetivo traçar as transformações pelas quais a educação formal como uma iniciativa do Estado passou a fim de termos instrumentos para uma melhor análise dos atuais mecanismos e quais interesses atendem.
Going beyond current readings of Concretism and Neoconcretism, this book shows how these movements were bred in the Brazilian circuit, after adapting international constructivism to the cultural ...conditions of the country. Thus, based on a systematic investigation in the archives of newspapers of that period, this book explores the premises through which Neoconcretism became organized and gained momentum in a series of debates between the avant-gardes of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro--debates that focused on the visual arts and poetry as objects of intense aesthetic experimentation and prospective transformation. They offer a guide through what seems to be a maze of contradictory theories and purposes.Academic readers interested in Latin American and Brazilian art will learn about the contributions of Geraldo de Barros, Franz Weissmann, Ferreira Gullar, Lygia Clark, Luiz Sacilotto, Willys de Castro and Hélio Oiticica to Brazilian constructivism, and will realize that the seven chapters of this book inevitably question the canon of contemporary art. In fact, the contributions of these artists go beyond national borders, since Concretism and Neoconcretism created early versions of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary art, participatory art, process art, visual poetry, performance, installation art, institutional critique, body art and environmental art, in some cases prior to the United States and Europe.
Soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are a significant environmental problem resulting from microbially-mediated nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycling. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ...Eucalyptus plantations on the structure and function of a soil microbial community, and how resulting alterations may be linked to GHG fluxes. We sampled and monitored two adjacent Eucalyptus plantations-a recently logged site that harbored new seedlings and an adult plantation-and compared them to a site hosting native vegetation. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR amplifications of key nitrogen and methane cycle genes to characterize microbial structure and functional gene abundance and compared our data with soil parameters and GHG fluxes. Both microbial community attributes were significantly affected by land use and logging of Eucalyptus plantations. The genes nosZ and archaeal amoA were significantly more abundant in native forest than in either young or old Eucalyptus plantations. Statistical analyses suggest that land use type has a greater impact on microbial community structure and functional gene abundance than Eucalyptus rotation. There was no correlation between GHG fluxes and shifts in microbial community, suggesting that microbial community structure and functional gene abundance are not the main drivers of GHG fluxes in this system.
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Maturational changes of the normal occlusion: A 40-year follow-up Massaro, Camila; Miranda, Felicia; Janson, Guilherme ...
American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics,
August 2018, 2018-Aug, 2018-08-00, 20180801, Volume:
154, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the changes in dental arch dimensions, tooth size, and incisor crowding in subjects with normal occlusion over a 40-year period.
A sample of 82 white subjects with ...normal occlusion evaluated in adolescence and early adulthood was recruited for a third evaluation in their sixth decade of life. The final sample included dental casts of 22 subjects (12 men, 10 women) obtained at mean ages of 13.3, 17.8, and 60.9 years. The following variables were measured on the digital casts: mesiodistal tooth size; clinical crown height; arch length, width, and perimeter; palatal depth; crowding; overjet; overbite; and curve of Spee. Interphase changes were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Tukey tests (P <0.05).
Increases of clinical crown height in the posterior teeth and incisor crowding were found. Decreases of mesiodistal tooth size, mandibular intercanine width, arch length, arch perimeter, overbite, and curve of Spee were observed. Palatal depth increased from 13 to 17 years of age. No changes were observed for overjet.
Subjects with normal occlusion had changes in tooth size and alignment, overbite, and arch dimensions from adolescence to late adulthood.
•We quantitatively assessed the normal occlusion from 13 to 60 years of age.•Changes in dental arch dimensions, tooth size, and incisor crowding were assessed.•Tooth size and alignment, overbite, and arch dimensions changed from 13 to 60 years of age.
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Until 2019, the Brazilian federal government employed a number of policy measures to fulfill the pledge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from land use change and agriculture. While its forest law ...enforcement strategy was partially successful in combating illegal deforestation, the effectiveness of positive incentive measures in agriculture has been less clear. The reason is that emissions reduction from market-based incentives such as the Brazilian Low-Carbon Agriculture Plan cannot be easily verified with current remote sensing monitoring approaches. Farmers have adopted a large variety of integrated land-use systems of crop, livestock and forestry with highly diverse per-hectare carbon balances. Their responses to policy incentives were largely driven by cost and benefit considerations at the farm level and not necessarily aligned with federal environmental objectives. This article analyzes climate-related land-use policies in the state of Mato Grosso, where highly mechanized soybean–cotton and soybean–maize cropping systems prevail. We employ agent-based bioeconomic simulation together with life-cycle assessment to explicitly capture the heterogeneity of farm-level costs, benefits of adoption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Our analysis confirms previous assessments but suggests a smaller farmer policy response when measured as increase in area of integrated systems. In terms of net carbon balances, our simulation results indicate that mitigation effects at the farm level depended heavily on the exact type of livestock and grazing system. The available data were insufficient to rule out even adverse effects. The Brazilian experience thus offers lessons for other land-rich countries that build their climate mitigation policies on economic incentives in agriculture.
•Analysis of Brazil’s most important climate change mitigation measure in agriculture.•Combining counterfactual simulation with life-cycle assessment in Mato Grosso.•Mitigation effect crucially depends on farmer choice of livestock production system.•Model uncertainty analysis cannot completely rule out adverse emissions footprint.•Current incentives for farmers not fully aligned with environmental policy objective.
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Sustainable intensification of agriculture is central to deal with the challenges of feeding a growing population while promoting a rational use of environmental and economic resources. Nowhere is ...this challenge more prominent than in Brazil, where low productivity and environmentally degrading agricultural activities occupy vast areas. We used the emergy synthesis approach, including innovative indices - emergy footprint and carbon-emergy output intensity - to assess and compare the environmental performance of an integrated crop-livestock system to a continuous crop and a continuous livestock system. Our analysis uses survey and empirical case study data from the 2017/18 crop season in Mato Grosso state, Brazil - the largest grain and beef producer in the country. Economic indicators such as gross revenue, production costs and profitability were calculated to complement the sustainability assessments. The emergy indices indicate that integrated crop-livestock system shows a balanced performance between input use and economic and environmental outcomes. In contrast, due to its heavy dependence on external inputs, the cropping system has poor environmental results, but the highest profitability. By excluding these environmental costs, current accounting of soy-corn production in Brazil dramatically overstates its net benefits to society and overall sustainability. The Emergy Sustainability Index for the integrated system was 0.66 and its Net Profit was USD 235.69 ha-1, while for the continuous crop system the values were 0.47 and USD 295 ha−1, respectively. The livestock system performed poorly in both, economic and environmental outcomes, underscoring the need to transition away from existing extensive systems. Livestock shows the highest positive greenhouse gas emissions, 7.98 E−09 tonCO2eq for each joule produced, and Net Loss of USD 0.58 ha-1. These results provide further support for Brazil’s investment in integrated systems as part of its climate mitigation and sustainable agricultural development plans and warrant consideration in sustainable agriculture initiatives in other countries where cattle production is widespread.
•Integrated systems are more efficient in converting environmental and economic resources into final products.•Integrated systems tend to a balanced performance between economic and environmental outcomes.•Continuous crop systems present heavy dependence on external inputs, but higher economic returns.•Extensive livestock systems attained poor economic and environmental outcomes.•Integrated systems contribute to land sparing and CO2 mitigation.
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Agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently the second highest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. In soil, these gases derive from microbial activity, during ...carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. To investigate how Eucalyptus land use and growth period impact the microbial community, GHG fluxes and inorganic N levels, and if there is a link among these variables, we monitored three adjacent areas for 9 months: a recently planted Eucalyptus area, fully developed Eucalyptus forest (final of rotation) and native forest. We assessed the microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR of key genes involved in C and N cycles. No considerable differences in GHG flux were evident among the areas, but logging considerably increased inorganic N levels. Eucalyptus areas displayed richer and more diverse communities, with selection for specific groups. Land use influenced communities more extensively than the time of sampling or growth phase, although all were significant modulators. Several microbial groups and genes shifted temporally, and inorganic N levels shaped several of these changes. No correlations among microbial groups or genes and GHG were found, suggesting no link among these variables in this short-rotation Eucalyptus study.
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Given their historic emissions and economic capability, we analyze a leadership role for representative industrialized regions (EU, US, Japan, and Australia) in the global climate mitigation effort. ...Using the global integrated assessment model REMIND, we systematically compare region-specific mitigation strategies and challenges of reaching domestic net-zero carbon emissions in 2050. Embarking from different emission profiles and trends, we find that all of the regions have technological options and mitigation strategies to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Regional characteristics are mostly related to different land availability, population density and population trends: While Japan is resource limited with respect to onshore wind and solar power and has constrained options for carbon dioxide removal (CDR), their declining population significantly decreases future energy demand. In contrast, Australia and the US benefit from abundant renewable resources, but face challenges to curb industry and transport emissions given increasing populations and high per-capita energy use. In the EU, lack of social acceptance or EU-wide cooperation might endanger the ongoing transition to a renewable-based power system. CDR technologies are necessary for all regions, as residual emissions cannot be fully avoided by 2050. For Australia and the US, in particular, CDR could reduce the required transition pace, depth and costs. At the same time, this creates the risk of a carbon lock-in, if decarbonization ambition is scaled down in anticipation of CDR technologies that fail to deliver. Our results suggest that industrialized economies can benefit from cooperation based on common themes and complementary strengths. This may include trade of electricity-based fuels and materials as well as the exchange of regional experience on technology scale-up and policy implementation.
Polyamines are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, present in living organisms and essential for cell growth and differentiation. Copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) oxidize polyamines to ...aminoaldehydes releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide, which participates in the complex network of reactive oxygen species acting as signaling molecules involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. CuAOs have been identified and characterized in different plant species, but the most extensive study on a CuAO gene family has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana. Growing attention has been devoted in the last years to the investigation of the CuAO expression pattern during development and in response to an array of stress and stress-related hormones, events in which recent studies have highlighted CuAOs to play a key role by modulation of a multilevel phenotypic plasticity expression. In this review, the attention will be focused on the involvement of different AtCuAOs in the IAA/JA/ABA signal transduction pathways which mediate stress-induced phenotypic plasticity events.
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