Findings are presented on a study of 40 gay father families created through surrogacy and a comparison group of 55 lesbian mother families created through donor insemination with a child aged 3-9 ...years. Standardized interview, observational and questionnaire measures of stigmatization, quality of parent-child relationships, and children's adjustment were administered to parents, children, and teachers. Children in both family types showed high levels of adjustment with lower levels of children's internalizing problems reported by gay fathers. Irrespective of family type, children whose parents perceived greater stigmatization and children who experienced higher levels of negative parenting showed higher levels of parent-reported externalizing problems. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding of the role of family structure and family processes in child adjustment.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Negative parenting practices are thought to be essential for the development of adolescents’ internalizing problems. However, mechanisms linking parental practices to adolescents’ internalizing ...problems remain poorly understood. A potential pathway connecting parental behaviors to internalizing problems could be through adolescent expressive suppression—the tendency to inhibit the observable expression of emotions.This study examined the indirect effects of three individual parenting practices—poor monitoring, inconsistent discipline and use of corporal punishment—on adolescents’ internalizing problems through adolescents’regular use of expressive suppression in a sample of 1132 adolescents (10–14 years). Structural Equation Modeling indicated that parenting practices were related both directly and indirectly to adolescents’ internalizing problems through their relationship with suppression. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background: Parenting and children’s adjustment were examined in 30 surrogacy families, 31 egg donation families, 35 donor insemination families, and 53 natural conception families.
Methods: ...Parenting was assessed at age 3 by a standardized interview designed to assess quality of parenting and by questionnaire measures of anxiety, depression, and marital quality. Children’s adjustment was assessed at ages 3, 7, and 10 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).
Results: Although children born through reproductive donation obtained SDQ scores within the normal range, surrogacy children showed higher levels of adjustment difficulties at age 7 than children conceived by gamete donation. Mothers who had kept their child’s origins secret showed elevated levels of distress. However, maternal distress had a more negative impact on children who were aware of their origins.
Conclusions: The absence of a gestational connection to the mother may be more problematic for children than the absence of a genetic link.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
The question of whether children should be told of their biological origins is one of the most controversial issues regarding the birth of children through donated eggs, sperm, embryos or ...surrogacy.
Methods
In the sixth phase of this longitudinal study when the children were aged 14 years, family relationships and adolescent adjustment were examined in 87 families created through reproductive donation and 54 natural conception families. The quality of family relationships was assessed by standardised interview with mothers and by standardised questionnaires and an observational measure with mothers and adolescents. Adolescent adjustment was assessed using standardised questionnaires. Systematic information on whether and when parents had told children about their biological origins was obtained at earlier phases of the study.
Results
There were no overall differences between disclosing families and either nondisclosing or natural conception families. However, within the disclosing families, more positive family relationships and higher levels of adolescent wellbeing were found for adolescents who had been told about their biological origins before age 7.
Conclusions
The earlier children born through reproductive donation are told about their biological origins, the more positive are the outcomes in terms of the quality of family relationships and psychological wellbeing at adolescence.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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► Selenium has a narrow range between toxic and essential concentrations. ► Selenium is volatilized and transferred to the environment during volcanic activity. ► There is a lack of ...high quality Se data in volcanic soils and waters. ► Sorption processes seems to control the Se behavior in soils. ► Hydrothermal activity impacts Se concentrations in groundwaters.
Selenium is a chemical element with major environmental implications, due to the extremely narrow range between essential and toxic concentrations. Volcanoes emit significant amounts of Se, which has an enormous impact on the Se cycle and potentially human and animal health. This paper presents a broad overview of the current state of knowledge of major aspects of volcanic derived Se, focussing on the processes in soils and aquifers.
Volcanic soils, formed when volcanic products weather rapidly, display peculiar characteristics. Selenium contents can be relatively high (1–2 orders of magnitude higher) compared to the worldwide average (0.4mg/kg), but often with low mobility. The soils can be impacted by local deposition of volcanic emissions, which are enriched in Se due to volatilization in the magma chamber. It seems that the chemical fate of Se in volcanic soils is controlled by sorption processes on poorly crystalline phases, which presence depends on the parental materials and weathering. These sorption processes also determine leaching to groundwaters. Some volcanic aquifers have Se concentrations above the WHO guideline of 10μg/L. This might also be related to geothermal activity.
In spite of the well documented interest on Se during the last decades a significant number of uncertainties exist on the behavior of this fascinating element. A preliminary model of the Se cycle around volcanoes can be constructed, but the well-known analytical problems associated with Se determinations have produced a lack of reliable information on some processes involved in the chemical interaction between soils and water. This review, therefore, also aims to identify the processes where new efforts are needed to produce good quality data to be compared and integrated in global models.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The global impact on public health of elevated arsenic (As) in water supplies is highlighted by an increasing number of countries worldwide reporting high As concentrations in drinking water. In ...Latin America, the problem of As contamination in water is known in 14 out of 20 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay. Considering the 10μg/L limit for As in drinking water established by international and several national agencies, the number of exposed people is estimated to be about 14million. Health effects of As exposure were identified for the first time already in the 1910s in Bellville (Córdoba province, Argentina). Nevertheless, contamination of As in waters has been detected in 10 Latin American countries only within the last 10 to 15years. Arsenic is mobilized predominantly from young volcanic rocks and their weathering products. In alluvial aquifers, which are water sources frequently used for water supply, desorption of As from metal oxyhydroxides at high pH (>8) is the predominant mobility control; redox conditions are moderate reducing to oxidizing and As(V) is the predominant species. In the Andes, the Middle American cordillera and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, oxidation of sulfide minerals is the primary As mobilization process. Rivers that originate in the Andean mountains, transport As to more densely populated areas in the lowlands (e.g. Rímac river in Peru, Pilcomayo river in Bolivia/Argentina/Paraguay). In many parts of Latin America, As often occurs together with F and B; in the Chaco–Pampean plain As is found additionally with V, Mo and U whereas in areas with sulfide ore deposits As often occurs together with heavy metals. These co-occurrences and the anthropogenic activities in mining areas that enhance the mobilization of As and other pollutants make more dramatic the environmental problem.
► In Latin America, As of predominantly geogenic origin in water is known in 14 out of 20 countries. ► Considering the 10 μg/L limit for As in drinking water, the number of exposed people is estimated to be about 14 million. ► Although health effects were identified in the 1910s, As has been detected in most countries only in the last 10–15 years. ► Arsenic occurs naturally by mobilization from volcanic rocks and desorption from metal oxyhydroxides at high pH. ► Anthropogenic activities in mining areas enhance As mobilization and make more dramatic the environmental problem.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
•Identifying driver behavior changes in new drivers can help reduce road crash risk.•Violations, errors and slips increased linearly over the first 3 years of driving.•Two to three classes of ...aberrant driver behavior trajectories were identified.•Classes of aberrant driver behavior were mainly defined by initial levels.•Men and young drivers were likely following a trajectory of high aberrant behavior.
Identifying the changes in driving behavior that underlie the decrease in crash risk over the first few months of driving is key to efforts to reduce injury and fatality risk in novice drivers. This study represented a secondary data analysis of 1148 drivers who participated in the UK Cohort II study. The Driver Behavior Questionnaire was completed at 6 months and 1, 2 and 3 years after licensure. Linear latent growth models indicated significant increases across development in all four dimensions of aberrant driving behavior under scrutiny: aggressive violations, ordinary violations, errors and slips. Unconditional and conditional latent growth class analyses showed that the observed heterogeneity in individual trajectories was explained by the presence of multiple homogeneous groups of drivers, each exhibiting specific trajectories of aberrant driver behavior. Initial levels of aberrant driver behavior were important in identifying sub-groups of drivers. All classes showed positive slopes; there was no evidence of a group of drivers whose aberrant behavior decreased over time that might explain the decrease in crash involvement observed over this period. Male gender and younger age predicted membership of trajectories with higher levels of aberrant behavior. These findings highlight the importance of early intervention for improving road safety. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the behavioral underpinnings of the decrease in crash involvement observed in the early months of driving.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
•Early exposure to maternal depression promotes behavior problems in children.•This study identifies poor child executive function as a mediating factor.•Cascading effects indicate that early ...intervention is essential.
This study investigated the mediation role played by children’s executive function in the relationship between exposure to mild maternal depressive symptoms and problem behaviors. At ages 2, 3, and 6years, 143 children completed executive function tasks and a verbal ability test. Mothers completed the Beck Depression Inventory at each time-point, and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at child age 6. Longitudinal autoregressive mediation models showed a mediation effect that was significant and quite specific; executive function (and not verbal ability) at age 3 mediated the path between mothers’ depressive symptoms (but not general social disadvantage) at the first time-point and children’s externalizing and internalizing problems at age 6. Improving children’s executive functioning might protect them against the adverse effects of exposure to maternal depressive symptoms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
•The Driver Behavior Questionnaire is a well-used self-report measure of aberrant driving.•Debate continues regarding the underlying structure of the measure.•We applied a bifactor model to data from ...a large national cohort study of novice drivers .•A general factor and specific violations factor were linked to crashes.•A 12 item version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire is presented.
The Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) is a self-report measure of driving behavior that has been widely used over more than 20 years. Despite this wealth of evidence a number of questions remain, including understanding the correlation between its violations and errors sub-components, identifying how these components are related to crash involvement, and testing whether a DBQ based on a reduced number of items can be effective. We address these issues using a bifactor modeling approach to data drawn from the UK Cohort II longitudinal study of novice drivers. This dataset provides observations on 12,012 drivers with DBQ data collected at .5, 1, 2 and 3 years after passing their test. A bifactor model, including a general factor onto which all items loaded, and specific factors for ordinary violations, aggressive violations, slips and errors fitted the data better than correlated factors and second-order factor structures. A model based on only 12 items replicated this structure and produced factor scores that were highly correlated with the full model. The ordinary violations and general factor were significant independent predictors of crash involvement at 6 months after starting independent driving. The discussion considers the role of the general and specific factors in crash involvement.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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