It is likely that Seriola spp. have nutritional requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and are unable to meet physiological demand for these nutrients via ...biotransformation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18 PUFAs). However, it is unclear whether 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA), and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) are each required or, as in other fish, EPA is comparatively unimportant in maintaining performance of Seriola spp. Accordingly, we assessed growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile California Yellowtail Seriola dorsalis (formerly Seriola lalandi) fed a fish oil-based positive control diet (FISH), a soybean oil-based negative control diet (SOY), or experimental diets based on soybean oil supplemented with ARA, EPA, DHA, ARA and DHA, or all three of these fatty acids combined to achieve 50% or 100% of the concentrations typically observed in fish oil (SOY+50% ARA, SOY+100% ARA, SOY+50% EPA, SOY+100% EPA, SOY+50% DHA, SOY+100% DHA, SOY+50% ARA and DHA, SOY+100% ARA and DHA, SOY+50% ALL, SOY+100% ALL). As expected, fish fed the SOY diet exhibited significantly reduced growth relative to those fed the FISH diet. Supplementing with ARA alone had no effect on growth performance, and independent supplementation with EPA or DHA did not yield predictably positive effects on growth. However, fish fed the SOY+100% ARA and DHA feed grew as well as those fed the FISH diet, and those raised on the SOY+50% ALL and SOY+100% ALL diets outperformed all others. Fatty acid composition of the fillet, liver, eye, and brain tissues was significantly affected by dietary treatment. As expected peripheral tissues were more modified than central tissues, and tissues of fish fed the soybean oil-based feeds exhibited higher levels of 18:2n-6 and lower levels of LC-PUFAs than those fed the rest of the experimental feeds. This effect was less overt among feeds supplemented with ARA and DHA or all three fatty acids. Results indicate that soybean oil can completely replace fish oil in California Yellowtail diets, assuming adequate levels of DHA and ARA are provided. Furthermore results illustrate the value of supplementing fish oil-free feeds with ARA, EPA, and DHA, but suggest that ARA and DHA are the primary drivers of LC-PUFA essentiality in this species.
The current manuscript provides valuable insights for fish nutritionists, for the aquafeed and aquaculture industries regarding fatty acid essentiality for marine carnivorous finfish. Our study supports the hypothesis that some LC-PUFAs are more physiologically important than others, with DHA and ARA being the primary drivers of fatty acid essentiality for juvenile California Yellowtail.
•Soybean oil can replace fish oil in California Yellowtail feeds, assuming adequate levels of DHA and ARA are provided.•Dietary addition of ARA, EPA, and DHA may be valuable in terms of production performance and tissue fatty acid profiles.•ARA and DHA appear to be the primary drivers of LC-PUFA essentiality for juvenile California Yellowtail.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Intensification of the shrimp sector, also referred to as vertical expansion, has been predominately driven by consecutive incidences of global disease outbreaks, which have caused enormous economic ...loss for the main producer countries. A growing segment of the shrimp farming industry has opted to use production systems with higher density, biosecurity, and operating control to mitigate the risks posed by disease. However, successful super-intensive shrimp production is reliant on an advanced understanding of many important biological and economic parameters in the farming system, coupled with effective monitoring, to maintain optimal production. Compared to traditional extensive or semi-intensive systems, super-intensive systems require higher inputs of feed, energy, labor, and supplements. These systems are highly sensitive to the interactions between these different inputs and require that the biological and economical parameters of farming are carefully balanced to ensure success. Advancing nutritional knowledge and tools to support consistent and efficient production of shrimp in these high-cost super-intensive systems is also necessary. Breeding programs developing breeding-lines selected for these challenging super-intensive environments are critical. Understanding synergies between the key areas of production systems, nutrition, and breeding are crucial for super-intensive farming as all three areas coalesce to influence the health of shrimp and commercial farming success. This article reviews current strategies and innovations being used for
in production systems, nutrition, and breeding, and discusses the synergies across these areas that can support the production of healthy and high-quality shrimp in super-intensive systems. Finally, we briefly discuss some key issues of social license pertinent to the super-intensive shrimp farming industry.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Like other carnivorous species, White Seabass typically demand a nutrient-dense feed. Research is ongoing to develop formulations that contain minimal amounts of marine-origin protein and lipid, ...i.e., fish meal and fish oil, as a mean of reducing production costs and pressure on reduction fisheries. Previous research has shown that a greater level of fish oil-sparing is possible with saturated fatty acid-rich, hydrogenated soybean oil than with C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich standard soybean oil. To confirm this observation and to assess whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a limiting factor in fish oil sparing with soy-derived lipids, we evaluated the performance and tissue fatty composition of juvenile White Seabass fed diets containing fish oil, or standard or hydrogenated soybean oil with or without the addition of an algal DHA supplement. In addition, a low temperature stress challenge was done after the feeding trial. Fish fed the hydrogenated soybean oil feeds exhibited growth performance equivalent to those fed the fish oil feed, regardless of DHA supplementation. Growth performance was impaired among fish fed the standard soybean oil feed compared to those fed the fish oil control feed, but the addition of DHA corrected this effect. Dietary treatments significantly affected fatty acid composition of fillet, liver, eye, and brain tissues. In terms of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids, the tissues of fish fed the hydrogenated soybean oil feeds were equivalent to those of fish fed the fish oil feed. Tissues of fish fed the standard soybean oil feeds exhibited significantly lower levels of these beneficial fatty acids; however, this effect was corrected by dietary DHA supplementation. The low temperature stress challenge induced elevated plasma cortisol, and reduced glucose, osmolality and hematocrit; though dietary inclusion of soybean oils did not appear to negatively affect stress tolerance. Results suggest that fish oil sparing in White Seabass feeds is limited by DHA, and that DHA bioavailability may be greater in the presence of hydrogenated soybean oil than standard soybean oil.
•Growth was impaired by feeding a fish oil-free, standard soybean oil-based diet, but addition of DHA corrected this effect.•Greater tissue levels of DHA were achieved among fish fed hydrogenated vs. standard soybean oil, despite equivalent dietary levels of DHA.•Low temperature stress challenge induced elevated cortisol, and reduced glucose, osmolality and hematocrit.•Fish oil sparing in white seabass is limited by DHA bioavailability, which may be greater in the presence of hydrogenated soybean oil.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Replacing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-rich fish oil with alternative lipids in Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus feeds is likely to cause tissue LC-PUFA depletion in a manner ...similar to that observed in other species; however, there is little information available regarding fish oil sparing in this species. Moreover, it is unknown whether alternative lipids with different levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), or C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18 PUFAs) are equally suitable in this context. Accordingly, we assessed the production performance and tissue composition of juvenile Florida Pompano (43.4±0.2g) fed diets containing menhaden fish oil (FISH) or 25:75 blends of fish oil and standard soybean oil (C18 PUFA SOY), MUFA-enriched soybean oil (MUFA SOY), SFA-enriched soybean oil (SFA SOY), palm oil (PALM), or poultry fat (POULTRY). After 8weeks, all diets were well accepted, and weight gain (228±20%, grand mean±SE) and specific growth rate (2.2±0.1% body weight/day) were unaffected by dietary treatment. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and hepatosomatic index varied among treatments; however, the ranges of values observed were relatively narrow (FCR=1.33–1.61, feed intake=3.09–3.65% body weight/day, HSI=1.1–1.5) and pairwise comparisons revealed few differences among treatments. Fatty acid profiles of the fillet, liver, and eye tissues generally mirrored dietary fatty acid composition, whereas the brain tissue was more resistant to dietary influence. Compared to those fed the FISH diet, fillets of fish fed the reduced fish oil diets had lower levels of n-3 fatty acids and LC-PUFAs, and greater levels of the fatty acids that were abundant in the alternative lipids. These trends were observed, albeit to a lesser extent in liver and eye tissues, but not in brain tissue, which was relatively resistant to diet-induced compositional change. In general, tissue fatty acid profile distortion was greatest among fish fed the MUFA SOY and C18 PUFA SOY diets, least overt among fish fed the SFA SOY diet, and intermediate among fish fed the PALM and POULTRY diets. All alternative lipids appeared effective as partial substitutes for menhaden fish oil, but fully hydrogenated, SFA-rich soybean oil may offer some strategic advantage in terms of limiting diet-induced modification of tissue fatty acid profile in Florida Pompano.
As there are few studies addressing lipid nutrition of Trachinotus spp. and there is scarce information regarding the influence of different alternative lipid source on tissue levels of LC-PUFAs in these species, this study is relevant to aquafeed manufacturers and those culturing Florida Pompano and other Trachinotus spp. The present results provide valuable information regarding alternative lipids in marine carnivorous finfish feeds and their effects on fish performance and tissue fatty acid composition. Further, these findings highlight the promising potential of fully hydrogenated, SFA-rich soybean oil in aquafeeds.
•All diets were well-accepted by juvenile Florida Pompano and no growth impairment or substantial loss of efficiency was observed.•Fish fed the experimental feeds exhibited some loss of n-3 LC-PUFAs, but this effect was less overt among fish fed more SFAs.•Fillets of fish fed fish oil or hydrogenated soybean oil contained comparable amounts of EPA and DHA.•Fully hydrogenated, SFA-rich soybean oil may offer some strategic advantage in feeding Florida Pompano.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Cobia may require both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids to meet dietary n
−
3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) demand. Growth performance is reduced when ...LC-PUFA-rich fish oil is replaced with soybean oil, a LC-PUFA deficient lipid, in cobia diets, but individual requirements for EPA and DHA have not been quantitatively determined. We assessed the growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia fed a fish oil-based positive control diet (FISH), a soy oil-based negative control diet (SOY), or experimental diets based on soy oil supplemented with EPA, DHA, or both at 50% or 100% of the concentrations typically observed in fish oil: (SOY
+
50% EPA, SOY
+
100% EPA, SOY
+
50% DHA, SOY
+
100% DHA, SOY
+
50% BOTH, SOY +
100% BOTH). Growth performance of fish fed the SOY was impaired relative to those fed the FISH diet. Supplementing the soybean oil-based diet with DHA, alone or in combination with EPA, restored performance. EPA supplementation had no effect on growth performance. Fatty acid composition of cobia fillet, liver, brain, and eye tissues was significantly affected by diet, but tissue profile change among fish fed any of the soy oil-based diets was less overt in the brain compared to the periphery. Diets supplemented with DHA and/or EPA resulted in increased tissue levels of these fatty acids, however, the maximal levels were observed in the FISH treatment. Our data suggest the dietary n
−
3 LC-PUFA requirement of juvenile cobia can be largely satisfied by DHA, and that EPA, if required, is required only in trace amounts. Soybean oil supplemented with DHA is an effective alternative to fish oil in juvenile cobia diets.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The supplementation of fish diets with herbal medicines aimed at improving growth and flesh quality is an attractive subject in fish nutrition research. In the present study, the effects of barberry ...root on the growth performance, muscle fatty acids profile, whole‐body composition, and digestive enzymes of rainbow trout were investigated. A total of 306 rainbow trout fingerlings (15.55 ± 0.76 g) were fed various diets in groups including the control (C), BRP10 (10 g/kg of barberry root powder), BRP20 (20 g/kg of barberry root powder), BRE250 (250 mg/kg of barberry root extract), BRE500 (500 mg/kg of barberry root extract), and OTC30 (30 g/kg oxytetracycline) groups. After 56 days, the results indicated that fish fed the BRE250, BRE500, and OTC30 diets had significantly higher weight gain (592.23, 580.43, and 605.21%, respectively) compared with the other dietary treatments (p < .05). Whole‐body protein and fat content showed significant differences among fish fed the treatments and the control, displaying significantly higher and lower values, respectively, compared with those fed the BRP20, BRE250, and BRE500 diets (p < .05). Muscle in fish fed the OTC30 diet displayed a significantly lower content of omega 3 compared with those fed the BRP20 and BRE500 diets (p < .05). Although digestive enzymes revealed no special trend across dietary groups, fish fed the BRP20 diet presented the highest values of amylase (22 U/mg protein−1), trypsin (57.16 U/mg protein−1), and lipase (5.62 U/mg protein−1). Based on the current findings, barberry root is suggested to be a promising and strategic feed additive in the aquaculture industry as it promotes growth performance and improves flesh quality.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Early-life exposure to mild stressors can assist animals in coping with more stressful events in later life. This study was aimed at investigating how early stress and dietary lipid contents affect ...growth, hematology, blood biochemistry, immunological responses, antioxidant system, liver enzymes, and stress responses of oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) (6.8±0.7 g). Six experimental treatments were HL0Stress (high-lipid diet and without stress), HL2Stresses (high-lipid diet and two-week stress), HL4Stresses (high-lipid diet and four-week stress), LL0Stress (low-lipid diet and without stress), LL2Stresses (low-lipid diet and two-week stress), and LL4Stresses (low-lipid diet and four-week stress). During the ten-week trial, fish fed high-lipid diets grew faster (46.41±4.67 vs. 38.81±2.81) and had a lower feed conversion ratio (2.21 vs. 2.60) than those fed low-lipid diets (P<0.05). After acute confinement stress (AC stress), high-lipid groups had higher survival than low-lipid treatments (81.25% vs 72.92%) (P<0.05). Fish subjected to two-time stress (2Stresses) had a higher survival rate after AC stress (90.63% vs. 62.50%), hematocrit, white blood cell, blood performance, total protein, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, alternative complement activity (ACH50), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase levels than those not stressed (P<0.05). Contrariwise, glucose, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in the 2Stresses groups compared with 0Stress fish (P<0.05). Collectively, these findings suggest stressing the signs of adaptation in 2Stresses fish. However, a higher number of early stress events (4Stresses) appears to exceed the threshold of manageable stress levels for this species. In conclusion, the HL2Stresses group outperformed the other treatments in terms of growth, health status, and stress responsiveness. Although fish welfare must be considered, these results suggest that early mild stress can result in a greater survival rate after fish are exposed to later acute stress.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fish nutrition has driven advances in the efficiency, sustainability, and product quality of aquaculture production, facilitating its expansion of aquaculture production ...
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Astaxanthin (Axn) is the most commonly used carotenoid to enhance the flesh colouration of salmonids, which is one of the key criteria perceived to reflect the freshness and nutritional quality of ...the product and consequently affecting its price. However, the digestibility of astaxanthin by salmonids is highly variable, ranging between 20% and 60%. Axn digestibility can also be affected by total dietary lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition (saturated FAs SFA, mono‐unsaturated FAs MUFA or poly‐unsaturated FAs PUFA). This experiment contained four diets fed to juvenile Atlantic salmon for 2 weeks. Two diets formulated with either synthetic or algal carotenoids combined with poultry oil and two additional diets containing algal carotenoids with either tallow or canola oil. The aim of this study was to compare the feed intake, as a measure of diet palatability, and apparent digestibility (AD) of Axn between the two diets containing either synthetic or algal carotenoids. Results showed that algal carotenoids had significantly higher AD than synthetic Axn and that high levels of SFA, such as those in tallow, may inhibit the AD of algal carotenoids. Meanwhile, the high levels of MUFA and, in particular 18:1n‐9, in canola oil significantly improved the AD of algal carotenoids for Atlantic salmon. This study demonstrates the utility of algal carotenoids as natural pigment alternatives for farmed salmon, particularly beneficial when combined with different oil sources that contain more 18:1n‐9, such as in canola, and less SFA, such as in tallow, in order to optimize the utilization of dietary carotenoids.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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