This is the first book-length study of the role that friendship plays in diplomacy and international politics. Through an examination of a vast amount of sources ranging from diplomatic letters and ...bilateral treaties, to poems and philosophical treatises, it analyses how friendship has been talked about and practised in pre-modern political orders and modern systems of international relations. The study highlights how instrumental friendship was for describing and legitimising a range of political and legal engagements with foreign countries and nations. It emphasizes contractual and political aspects in diplomatic friendship based on the idea of utility. It is these functions of the concept that help the world stick together when collective institutions are either embryonic or no more.
For deep bed filtration equations, exact solutions are constructed that describe typical laboratory experiments: injection of a suspension into a porous sample. In the case of kinetic equation with ...an arbitrary dependence of the clogging rate on the retention (the volume of deposited particles per unit filter volume), the solution is obtained in quadratures. In the special case of linear dependence of the clogging rate on the retained particles volume, an analytical solution is given. For the axisymmetric flows of suspensions (injection into a porous bed through a well), the solution is provided in terms of the solution to a system of ordinary differential equations.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The provisions for a new variational theory of crystal growth in multicomponent metal melts were formulated. The developed theory is the generalization of the previously conducted studies of crystal ...growth under conditions of deviation from local equilibrium at the phase boundary. The description of the methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of interrelated physico-chemical processes occurring in the initial phase, on the interface of phases and inside the growing crystal, was compared with the variational description of the crystal growth as a macrobody. The developed approach made it possible to find the general expression for the crystal growth rate, considering the influence of thermal and diffusion processes, as well as taking into account the influence of nonstationary effects associated with deviation from the local equilibrium on the surface of the growing nucleus. The justification of the new method showed that when the condition of the local equilibrium on the surface of the growing crystal is satisfied, the resulting equations take the form of expressions that can be obtained by constructing the equation of a mass and internal energy balance for the system under consideration. As an example, the problem of crystal growth from a melt of eutectic composition was considered. The equation of the growth rate of the two-component nucleus of the stoichiometric composition was obtained, taking into account the influence of the local non-equilibrium effects on growth. The expressions obtained were compared with the known equations of the solute trapping theory.
Amorphous metal alloys play an important role in the electrical industry. Studies show the presence of an insignificant proportion of crystals in alloys that are amorphous from the point of view of ...X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals significantly affect the mechanical and magnetic properties of amorphous alloys. Therefore, within this work, a comprehensive approach has been developed to determine the degree of crystallinity of amorphous alloys based on theoretical and experimental methods. The study is based on the mathematical model of supercooled melt crystallization previously developed by the authors, which takes into account the patterns of crystal formation and their diffusion and diffusionless growth, taking into account the mutual influence of growing crystals on each other. The mathematical model also takes into account the melt cooling mode when producing amorphous ribbons by cooling the melt on a rotating copper drum. The calculation results have been verified by experiments based on the new technique developed by the authors for calorimetric studies of amorphous ribbons. The developed methodology allows us to determine not only the average fraction of the crystals in a ribbon, but also the patterns of crystal distribution along its thickness as well as the patterns of changes in the proportion of the crystals in ribbons depending on the melt cooling mode.
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A review of the two generations of front-end electronics for the muon spectrometer of the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. The basic elements of the front-end electronics ...are application-specific integrated circuits that are used in 1.1 × 10
6
measuring channels and devices for communication with the data-acquisition system. The first generation of the electronics operates in the trigger mode and is characterized by an input throughput of 3 × 10
3
events/s at an output data rate of 3.2 Gbit/s. The second generation is designed to operate under conditions of a high luminosity of the collider at input count rates of up to 10
5
events/s. Signal processing is performed in the continuous readout mode. The communication devices with the data-acquisition system use application-specific chips that provide optical communication with a data transfer rate of 0.8 Tbit/s
.
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A model is proposed for modeling a slow (inertialess) flow of a thin layer of viscous incompressible fluidwith a free surface inside a highly porousmediumabove an impermeable surface. The fluid flow ...is described by the Brinkman filtration law, on the bottom boundary the Navier slip condition is prescribed. The equation for the fluid layer thickness is obtained, which has the form of a special case of a nonlinear heat conduction equation. Solutions in the form of traveling waves and self-similar solutions describing the fluid spreading are investigated.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
A new mathematical model of supercooled melt crystallization based on the variational principles of thermodynamics has been developed. The model takes into account the crystal formation and ...diffusion growth regularities, as well as the diffusionless crystal growth with the deviation from the local equilibrium at the surface. The model also takes into account the growing crystals mutual influence on the components concentration in the melt. The calculations for the supercooled eutectic melt Fe
83
B
17
showed that the nucleation and growth of the phases Fe and Fe
2
B with a metastable phase Fe
3
B occur in the melt. The local equilibrium on the surface of the growing Fe
3
B crystals with the melt probably does not maintained. The regularities of the nucleation and mutual influence of the growing crystals of the phases are studied. The nucleation and growth rate of the Fe
3
B nuclei differs from the growth of Fe and Fe
2
B nuclei due to the diffusionless capture of boron atoms by the growing Fe
3
B crystals surface. The model will help to calculate the melt cooling technology mode for producing amorphous ribbons on a copper rotating drum. The calculation made it possible to analyze changes in the temperature and the crystallization degree in the various ribbon layers. The calculation results have been verified experimentally by x-ray diffraction and calorimetric studies of the obtained ribbons. The correspondence of the calculation and the experimental results confirms the effectiveness developed methodology for studying the regularities of crystal growth in supercooled melts.
The CBM RICH project Adamczewski-Musch, J.; Becker, K.-H.; Belogurov, S. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2014, Volume:
766
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment will study the properties of super dense nuclear matter by means of heavy ion collisions at the future FAIR facility. An integral detector component is ...a large Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector with CO sub(2) gas radiator, which will mainly serve for electron identification and pion suppression necessary to access rare dileptonic probes like e super(+)e super(-) decays of light vector mesons or J/ psi psi . We describe the design of this future RICH detector and focus on results obtained by building a CBM RICH detector prototype tested at CERN-PS.
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The possibility of selective reduction of iron from complex oxides by carbon monoxide gas is investigated. Brazilian ore rich in manganese oxide, ferromanganese ore from the Selezenskoye Deposit ...(Russia) and concentrate from the Zhayrem GOK (Kazakhstan) were used as samples. Experiments have shown that it is possible to selectively reduce iron from complex manganese ores to a metallic state not only with solid carbon, but also with carbon monoxide. Experimental results of solid-phase reduction showed that at a temperature of 900 °C. With an exposure time of 1.5 hours, the release of metallic iron is detected. At the same time, in the atmosphere with the metal phase, there is no presence of other elements other than iron in the metal. As the temperature rises to 1000 °C, the amount of metallic iron, as well as manganese and phosphorus, increases. At a temperature of 1000 °C, phosphorus turns into metal, despite the type of reducing agent. In all experiments, oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium remained in the oxide part.
The direct reduction of metals from a complex oxide with low iron content by solid carbon and indirect reduction by CO gas were studied in a vertical laboratory resistance furnace at 1300 °C for an ...hour reduction time. The experimental results were described from the point of view of the electrochemical nature of the metal reduction process, that involves the interaction of ions and electrons in the oxide lattice. The technique was developed by using the two different software programs for the quantitative estimation of the areas, average size and number of the metal forming in a complex oxide with extensive fields of vision. The obtained results of the quantitative characteristics of the metal forming during solid-phase carbo-thermal reduction were presented. The processes of reduction by solid carbon and CO gas based on the areas occupied by metal particles were quantitatively compared. The experimental results and the prospects for further experimental work were assessed and outlined.
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