Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer Willett, W.C; Stampfer, M.J; Colditz, G.A ...
The New England journal of medicine,
(1 Jan 1987), 1987-Jan-01, Volume:
316, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A study examined the relationship of dietary fats to breast cancer occurring during a 4-year follow-up of a dietary fat intake study involving 89,538 US registered nurses (ages 34-59) who had no ...prior history of cancer incidence. The results did not confirm an association between reduced breast cancer incidence and reduced fat intake. Breast cancer incidence also was found to be similar for both post- and pre-menopausal women.(wz)
A measurement of the helicity dependence of the total inclusive photoabsorption cross section on the deuteron was carried out at MAMI (Mainz) in the energy range 200<Eγ<800 MeV. The experiment used a ...4π detection system, a circularly polarized tagged photon beam and a frozen spin target which provided longitudinally polarized deuterons. These new results are a significant improvement on the existing data and allow a detailed comparison with state-of-the-art calculations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Integrated circuit manufacturing yields are not necessarily a function of chip area. Accurate yield analysis shows how the yield depends on circuit design and layout. By determining the probabilities ...of failure and critical areas for different defect types, it is possible to control and manage the yield of integrated circuits. This includes the manufacture of DRAM's, SRAM's, CMOS logic, ASIC's, and CMOS and biCMOS microprocessors. Examples explain the method of meeting yield objectives by setting targets for yield components. In addition, the yield management approach allows for a systematic allocation of resources. Required defect-density learning determines the contamination levels for clean rooms and process equipment.< >
Some studies have suggested that the use of calcium channel blockers may increase the risk of cancer. A possible association of the use of calcium channel blockers with cancer incidence and cancer ...mortality was addressed using data from the Nurses' Health Study.
In this study, a total of 18,635 female nurses reported regularly taking at least 1 of 4 cardiovascular medications in 1988: diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Cancer incidence and cancer deaths were ascertained until 1994.
During 6 years of follow-up, 852 women were newly diagnosed with cancer and 335 women died of cancer. Women who reported the use of calcium channel blockers had no increased risk of newly diagnosed cancer compared with those taking other cardiovascular drugs (relative risk=1.02; 95% CI 0.83-1.26). The relative risk of dying from cancer associated with the self-reported use of calcium channel blockers was 1.25 (95% CI 0.91-1.72). Relative risks were adjusted for the following self-reported factors: age; weight; height; cholesterol level; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; smoking; alcohol intake; physical activity; menopausal status; postmenopausal hormone use; aspirin use; and history of diabetes, cancer, stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, angina, and hypertension. Regarding site specific cancer incidence and mortality, only lung cancer incidence was somewhat increased (RR=1.61; 95% CI 0.88-2.96).
These data suggest no important increase in overall cancer incidence or cancer mortality related to the self-reported use of calcium channel blockers.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Many studies of blood pressure in the elderly have found higher death rates in groups with the lowest blood pressure than in those with intermediate values. In a large community study, we examined ...whether these findings are real or artifacts of short follow-up, co-morbidity, or low blood pressure in people near death. In 1982-83, we assessed drug use, medical history, disability, physical function, and blood pressure in 3657 residents of East Boston, Massachusetts, aged 65 and older. We identified all deaths (1709) up to 1992 and followed up survivors for an average of 10·5 (range 9.5-11.0) years. After adjustment for confounding variables (including frailty and disorders such as congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction) and exclusion of deaths within the first 3 years of follow-up, higher systolic pressure predicted linear increases in cardiovascular (p<0·0001) and total (p<0·0007) mortality. Higher diastolic pressure predicted increases in cardiovascular (p=0·006) but not total (p=0·48) mortality. These results differed from those for the first 3 years, during which groups with the lowest systolic and diastolic pressures had the highest death rates. In the long term, lower blood pressure in old age, as in middle age, is associated with better survival. Short-term findings may differ because of associations of co-morbidity and frailty with blood pressure near death. Overall, the findings support recommendations to treat high blood pressure in elderly people.
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DOBA, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, VSZLJ
Background. Although it has been hypothesized that large intakes of the antioxidant vitamins C, E, and A reduce the risk of breast cancer, few prospective data are available. Methods. We ...prospectively studied 89,494 women who were 34 to 59 years old in 1980 and who did not have diagnosed cancer. Their intakes of vitamins C, E, and A from foods and supplements were assessed at base line and in 1984 with the use of a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Results. Breast cancer was diagnosed in 1439 women during eight years of follow-up. After multivariate adjustment for known risk factors, the relative risk among women in the highest quintile group for intake of vitamin C as compared with the risk among those in the lowest quintile group was 1.03 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.87 to 1.21); for vitamin E, after vitamin A intake had been controlled for, the relative risk was 0.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.19). In contrast, among women in the highest quintile group for intake of total vitamin A the relative risk was 0.84 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.98; P for trend = 0.001). Among women in the lowest quintile group for intake of vitamin A from food, consumption of vitamin A from supplements was associated with a reduced risk (P = 0.03). The significant inverse association of vitamin A intake with the risk of breast cancer was also found on study of data based on the 1984 questionnaire and four years of follow-up. Conclusions. Large intakes of vitamin C or E did not protect women in our study from breast cancer. A low intake of vitamin A may increase the risk of this disease; any benefit of vitamin A supplements may be limited to women with diets low in vitamin A
To assess the ability of childhood blood pressure, height, and weight to predict young adult blood pressure, the authors examined data obtained over multiple visits for four years on 339 children ...aged 8–18 years in East Boston, Massachusetts. These subjects were again seen 8–12 years later when they were aged 20–26 years. Multivariate regression models were used to predict true blood pressure in young adulthood from observed childhood measurements closest to age 10 (
n = 219), adjusting for within-person variability. Without adjusting for childhood blood pressure, childhood height, weight and body mass index were at least marginally associated with young adult systolic blood pressure in boys and girls, with similar coefficients for each gender. The strongest predictor was weight (β = 0.6 mmHg/10 Ibs for girls, and β = 0.7 mmHg/10 Ibs for boys), and height was no longer predictive with weight in the model. With childhood blood pressure included, neither childhood height nor weight were predictors of future systolic blood pressure. However, change in height and weight were predictors of future systolic blood pressure. Weight change was a stronger predictor in girls than boys with β = 0.9 mmHg/10 Ibs. For diastolic blood pressure, height and weight had limited predictive ability in these data. These models, which allow for both between- and within-person variability in young adulthood, may be used to estimate the predictive value for future high blood pressure of a child's current blood pressure, height and weight, as well as future change in height and weight. These data suggest that the effects of childhood height and weight on future blood pressure may be negligible given childhood blood pressure, but that later height and weight remain predictive.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Absolute differential cross sections for the reaction ep-->epgamma have been measured at a four-momentum transfer with virtuality Q2 = 0.33 GeV2 and polarization epsilon = 0.62 in the range 33.6 to ...111.5 MeV/c for the momentum of the outgoing photon in the photon-proton center of mass frame. The experiment has been performed with the high-resolution spectrometers at the Mainz Microtron MAMI. From the photon angular distributions, two structure functions which are a linear combination of the generalized polarizabilities have been determined for the first time.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
Background. Parity and long term use of oral contraceptives have been associated consistently with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. However, previous reports of the relationship of other ...reproductive factors (time since first use or last use of oral contraceptives, age at menarche or menopause, age at first birth) with overian cancer have been inconsistent.
Methods. The authors studied these relationships in the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 121,700 female registered nurses aged 30–55 years in 1976 when the study began. From 1976 to 1988, 260 cases of confirmed epithelial overaian cancer occurred among 1.2 million person‐years of follow‐up.
Results. A Statistically significant inverse association was observed between parity and overian cancer risk (relative risk RR = 0.84; 95% confidence interval CI=0.77–0.91 per pregnancy); age at first birth was not associated independently with risk. In age‐adjusted analyses, a significant inverse association was noted between long term use of oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer, which was no longer significant after controlling for other ovarian cancer risk factors (RR with ≥5 years' use: 0.65; 95% CI = 0.40–1.05). After control for duration of use, a weak nonsignificant inverse associated was observed with time since first oral contraceptive use and no independent effect of time since last use. Neither age at menarche nor age at menopause use associated significantly with ovarian cancer risk.
Conclusions. In this large prospective study, parity was the only reproductive factor that had a substantial independent associated with ovarian cancer. Long term oral contraceptive use also appeared to have an inverse relationship with ovarian cancer, although this association was of borderline significance (P = 0.11) after adjustment for other risk factors. Cancer 1995; 76:284–90.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
To determine whether nutritional status affects immunological markers of HIV-1 disease progression.
A longitudinal study, to evaluate the relationship between plasma levels of nutrients and CD4 cell ...counts, along and in combination with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M; AIDS index) over an 18-month follow-up.
Biochemical measurements of nutritional status including plasma proteins, zinc, iron and vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 (cobalamin), A, E, C and folate and immunological markers lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4) and beta 2M were obtained in 108 HIV-1-seropositive homosexual men at baseline and over three 6-month time periods. Changes in nutrient status (e.g., normal to deficient, deficient to normal), were compared with immunological parameters in the same time periods using an autoregressive model.
Development of deficiency of vitamin A or vitamin B12 was associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (P = 0.0255 and 0.0377, respectively), while normalization of vitamin A, vitamin B12 and zinc was associated with higher CD4 cell counts (P = 0.0492, 0.0061 and 0.0112, respectively). These findings were largely unaffected by zidovudine use. For vitamin B12, low baseline status significantly predicted accelerated HIV-1 disease progression determined by CD4 cell count (P = 0.041) and the AIDS index (P = 0.005).
These data suggest that micronutrient deficiencies are associated with HIV-1 disease progression and raise the possibility that normalization might increase symptom-free survival.
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