The Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instruments (JEDI) on the Juno Jupiter polar-orbiting, atmosphere-skimming, mission to Jupiter will coordinate with the several other space physics instruments ...on the Juno spacecraft to characterize and understand the space environment of Jupiter’s polar regions, and specifically to understand the generation of Jupiter’s powerful aurora. JEDI comprises 3 nearly-identical instruments and measures at minimum the energy, angle, and ion composition distributions of ions with energies from H:20 keV and O: 50 keV to >1 MeV, and the energy and angle distribution of electrons from <40 to >500 keV. Each JEDI instrument uses microchannel plates (MCP) and thin foils to measure the times of flight (TOF) of incoming ions and the pulse height associated with the interaction of ions with the foils, and it uses solid state detectors (SSD’s) to measure the total energy (
E
) of both the ions and the electrons. The MCP anodes and the SSD arrays are configured to determine the directions of arrivals of the incoming charged particles. The instruments also use fast triple coincidence and optimum shielding to suppress penetrating background radiation and incoming UV foreground. Here we describe the science objectives of JEDI, the science and measurement requirements, the challenges that the JEDI team had in meeting these requirements, the design and operation of the JEDI instruments, their calibrated performances, the JEDI inflight and ground operations, and the initial measurements of the JEDI instruments in interplanetary space following the Juno launch on 5 August 2011. Juno will begin its prime science operations, comprising 32 orbits with dimensions 1.1×40 RJ, in mid-2016.
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The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) Investigation is one of 5 fields-and-particles investigations on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. MMS comprises 4 spacecraft flying in close ...formation in highly elliptical, near-Earth-equatorial orbits targeting understanding of the fundamental physics of the important physical process called magnetic reconnection using Earth’s magnetosphere as a plasma laboratory. EPD comprises two sensor types, the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) with one instrument on each of the 4 spacecraft, and the Fly’s Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) with 2 instruments on each of the 4 spacecraft. EIS measures energetic ion energy, angle and elemental compositional distributions from a required low energy limit of 20 keV for protons and 45 keV for oxygen ions, up to >0.5 MeV (with capabilities to measure up to >1 MeV). FEEPS measures instantaneous all sky images of energetic electrons from 25 keV to >0.5 MeV, and also measures total ion energy distributions from 45 keV to >0.5 MeV to be used in conjunction with EIS to measure all sky ion distributions. In this report we describe the EPD investigation and the details of the EIS sensor. Specifically we describe EPD-level science objectives, the science and measurement requirements, and the challenges that the EPD team had in meeting these requirements. Here we also describe the design and operation of the EIS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the EIS in-flight and ground operations. Blake et al. (The Flys Eye Energetic Particle Spectrometer (FEEPS) contribution to the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) investigation of the Magnetospheric Magnetoscale (MMS) Mission,
this issue
) describe the design and operation of the FEEPS instruments, their calibrated performances, and the FEEPS in-flight and ground operations. The MMS spacecraft will launch in early 2015, and over its 2-year mission will provide comprehensive measurements of magnetic reconnection at Earth’s magnetopause during the 18 months that comprise orbital phase 1, and magnetic reconnection within Earth’s magnetotail during the about 6 months that comprise orbital phase 2.
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The Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) on the two Van Allen Probes spacecraft is the magnetosphere ring current instrument that will provide data for answering the three ...over-arching questions for the Van Allen Probes Program: RBSPICE will determine “how space weather creates the storm-time ring current around Earth, how that ring current supplies and supports the creation of the radiation belt populations,” and how the ring current is involved in radiation belt losses. RBSPICE is a time-of-flight versus total energy instrument that measures ions over the energy range from ∼20 keV to ∼1 MeV. RBSPICE will also measure electrons over the energy range ∼25 keV to ∼1 MeV in order to provide instrument background information in the radiation belts. A description of the instrument and its data products are provided in this chapter.
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The LOng-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is the high-resolution imaging instrument for the New Horizons mission to Pluto, its giant satellite Charon, its small moons Nix and Hydra, and the Kuiper ...Belt, which is the vast region of icy bodies extending roughly from Neptune’s orbit out to 50 astronomical units (AU). New Horizons launched on January 19, 2006, as the inaugural mission in NASA’s New Frontiers program. LORRI is a narrow-angle (field of view=0.29°), high-resolution (4.95 μrad pixels), Ritchey-Chrétien telescope with a 20.8-cm diameter primary mirror, a focal length of 263 cm, and a three-lens, field-flattening assembly. A 1,024×1,024 pixel (optically active region), thinned, backside-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) detector is used in the focal plane unit and is operated in frame-transfer mode. LORRI provides panchromatic imaging over a bandpass that extends approximately from 350 nm to 850 nm. LORRI operates in an extreme thermal environment, situated inside the warm spacecraft with a large, open aperture viewing cold space. LORRI has a silicon carbide optical system, designed to maintain focus over the operating temperature range without a focus adjustment mechanism. Moreover, the spacecraft is thruster-stabilized without reaction wheels, placing stringent limits on the available exposure time and the optical throughput needed to satisfy the measurement requirements.
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Heart Failure in the Child and Young Adult: From Bench to Bedside combines multiple etiologies for pediatric heart failure, including congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies, infectious diseases ...and metabolic abnormalities. This comprehensive resource combines research from multiple contributors with current guidelines to bridge the knowledge gap for the recognition and management of heart failure in children. Coverage begins with the basic science of heart failure, then progresses through diagnosis, management, treatment and surgery, finally concluding with advanced special topics, including genetics, self-management and nanomedicine. * Provides coverage of the basic science of heart failure, its epidemiology and economic aspects, outpatient and inpatient management, and advanced therapies, including mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation * Combines cutting-edge research with current guidelines from the field
Revealing, and indeed exacerbating, the globe's present water crisis is the failing ecological health of rivers. Those who would protect and restore river health can learn important lessons from ...humanity's continual fight against disease. We discuss four of these lessons, including their applicability to river issues: (1) recognize and respond to changing challenges, (2) avoid unintended consequences, (3) employ both cure and prevention, and (4) take a systematic approach. The overarching message from human health science is that we need to view human actions and their consequences for river health in an integrated way. In an effort to construct such a view of river degradation, we suggest that human actions jeopardize river health in five major ways : (1) altering physical habitat, (2) modifying seasonal flow of water, (3) changing the food base of the system, (4) changing interactions within the river biota, and (5) polluting with chemical contaminants. Another key lesson of human health science is the need for a commonly understood and robust measure of river condition, or health. Biological monitoring and assessment using the index of biological integrity for Japanese streams (IBI-J) provides a rigorous measure of river condition as well as guidance on the causes of river degradation. Examples of the index's use in Japan illustrate the importance of various stressors responsible for degradation, such as amount and types of effluent, proximity of dams and other structural alterations, and riparian condition. They also show the dangers of management driven solely by narrow water quality measures such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). We conclude that biological measures are important because they provide a strong scientific framework to inform the largely cultural process of deciding how humans treat rivers.
Apesar da grande utilidade do calcário e das gran-des reservas que o estado possui deste bem mineral, ele é explorado preferencialmente para aplicações que possuem, baixo valor agregado. No Paraná, ...as rochas calcárias de idade Mesoproterozóica existentes na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba são as rochas mais importantes em distribuição geográfica quanto ao aproveitamento econômico. O presente trabalho consistiu na verificação e discussão dos principais critérios de exploração utilizados pelas empresas de mineração na Formação Capirú, seqüências litológicas Morro Grande e Rio Branco na região de Morro Grande, no limite entre os municípios de Colombo e Rio Branco do Sul, através do estudo e compreensão das formas de lavra e pesquisa adotadas pelas empresas de mineração, e assim contribuir para uma melhor utilização desse calcário e com isso elevar o grau de conhecimento prospeccional, visto que o desconhecimento das reservas e qualidades da matéria-prima é a causa imediata da falta de investimentos estratégicos no setor. Os principais litotipos na área de estudo são: metadolomitos, filitos e quarzitos representativos de uma seqüência plataformal carbonática e metamorfisados em baixo grau. Neste trabalho foram analisados critérios de exploração relacionados aos sistemas deposicionais, que mostraram a preferência das grandes empresas de mineração pela Seqüência Litológica Morro Grande (SLMG), embora represente uma estreita faixa metadolomítica em relação à Seqüência Litológica Rio Branco (SLRB). De acordo com as principais características a SLMG é representativa de zona de supramaré, com metadolomitos de granulação fina, intercalações de níveis cinza-claro e cinza-escuro e cama-das com grandes espessuras enquanto a SLRB apresenta metadolomitos de granulação fina a média, estratificação cruzada e camadas pouco espessas, representativa de zona de inframaré. A partir da elaboração de colunas litoestratigráficas, pôde-se determinar as características de cada litotipo e a possível relação entre eles do ponto de vista de exploração. A utilização da análise petrográfica e colorimétrica foi igualmente eficiente, pois permitiu distinguir as seqüências litológicas pela sua granulação, textura, % de insolúveis e a distinção entre calcita e dolomita em secões delgadas. Através da análise química, pôde-se determinar os litotipos com maiores teores de insolúveis, visto que estes prejudicam a qualidade do material explotado, e, desta forma selecionar os níveis mais indicados do ponto de vista econômico. A partir da gamaespectrometria terrestre, pôde-se separar as duas seqüências litológicas e as possíveis zonas de falhas, através dos diferentes padrões de assinaturas dos radioelementos potássio (K), urânio (U), tório (Th) e contagem total (CT). Os aspectos geológicos-geomorfológicos, através da elaboração do mapa clinográfico indicaram que as faixas com as mais elevadas cotas altimétricas (correspondentes aos litotipos da SLMG) apresentam também as encostas com maiores declividades e menores espessuras de tálus, sendo a seqüência litológica com maior concentração de pedreiras em termos de volume e material explotado. Já a análise dos dados estruturais permitiu determinar que a Sinforme de Morro Grande teve uma influência importante para a exploração, pois este grande dobramento criou maior inclinação das camadas e elevou-as tornando-as mais expostas, apesar de não existir um controle quanto às alturas das bancadas.
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