•Pressurized liquids with ultrasound and a gas can increase yields more than 20%.•Small amounts of gas with higher ultrasound power provided the best results.•System pressure and temperature ...negatively affected the process.•Ultrasound combined with a gas increased yields independently of particle size.
In this study it is proposed the introduction of an expansion gas in high pressure water to maximize the cavitation caused by the application of ultrasound to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel. Different combinations of ultrasound power (US-Pwr), expansion gas initial pressure (N2-Pi), system pressure (SP) and particle size of sample were evaluated using water as solvent. The use of US-Pwr and N2-Pi individually or combined improved the extraction process proving higher yields. SP was an important parameter affecting extraction yield, showing an inverse relation between its increase and extraction yield. Although higher yields were produced with samples with smaller particles, the combination of ultrasound and expansion gas had a positive effect on the process independently of particle size, promoting an increase of 20–26% in yield. These results suggest an enormous potential to be explored with the introduction of an expansion gas in pressurized liquids in processes assisted by ultrasound for the extraction of phenolic compounds from natural products using green solvents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
During the process of subcritical water hydrolysis of lignocellulosic compounds, such as brewers' spent grains, some toxic compounds can be formed due to the breakdown of the cellulose structure. ...These compounds are known as furanic aldehydes, and they are inhibitors of microorganisms that are used in different processes, such as fermentation and anaerobic digestion, among others. The detoxification and conditioning of these hydrolysates are required before their use in other processes that require low concentrations of toxins. One of the mechanisms that can be used to diminish those compounds is the adsorption process. For this reason, this study evaluated at‐line and in‐line purification strategies using different adsorbents in fixed‐bed columns to remove furanic aldehydes from a model feed simulating hydrolysate from subcritical water hydrolysis. The model feed consisted of simple sugars and furanic aldehydes at appropriate concentrations. The selected adsorbents were silica‐C18, hydrocarbons, and activated carbon. The results indicate that, among the adsorbents that were studied, activated carbon was the most efficient for the removal of both 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. The activated carbon removed >99% of furanic aldehydes in the experiments conducted in the at‐line system. Sequential subcritical water hydrolysis followed by either at‐line or in‐line purification is promising for integrated inexpensive and efficient hydrolysate purification.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•Apple by-products are a source of phenolic compounds associated with bioactivities.•Apple processing industries generate by-products that could be better used.•This work provides an up-to-date ...literature overview on extraction techniques.•Gaps and future trends related to apple by-products are critically presented.
Apple is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide and has recognized nutritional properties. Besides being consumed fresh, it is the raw material for several food products, whose production chain generates a considerable amount of by-products that currently have an underestimated use. These by-products are a rich source of chemical compounds with several potential applications. Therefore, new ambitious platforms focused on reusing are needed, targeting a process chain that achieves well-defined products and mitigates waste generation. This review covers an essential part of the apple by-products reuse chain. The apple composition regarding phenolic compounds subclasses is addressed and related to biological activities. The extraction processes to recover apple biocompounds have been revised, and an up-to-date overview of the scientific literature on conventional and emerging extraction techniques adopted over the past decade is reported. Finally, gaps and future trends related to the management of apple by-products are critically presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Technical and economic aspects of SFE to obtain turmeric volatile oil.•Global yield isotherms and extraction kinetics were determined SFE from turmeric.•Cost of manufacturing for turmeric extract ...and scale-up study were reported.•Highest yields of turmeric extract and ar-turmerone were obtained at 333K and 25MPa.
Extracting volatile compounds using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is one of the most interesting applications of supercritical technology because of the high solubility of these substances in CO2. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) has been applied for obtaining extracts from several vegetable matrices, including turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), due to its valuable volatile oil. However, a techno-economic evaluation of turmeric oil and ar-turmerone extraction has not yet been performed. Therefore, the effects of temperature, pressure and process time on the extract yield, relative ar-turmerone yield and manufacturing cost were evaluated in this work. Turmeric rhizomes were ground, sieved and placed in contact with scCO2 flowing at 8.4×10−3kg/min in a laboratory scale SFE unit. Major compounds in the extracts were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. The manufacturing cost (COM) of the extracts was estimated using a model cost developed in the simulator SuperPro Designer 8.5®. Using SFE led to high yields of extract and ar-turmerone. Fast extraction combined with relatively low solvent consumption were observed. Yields of 6.4% and 1.02% of extract and ar-turmerone, respectively, were obtained at 333K and 25MPa for a solvent mass to feed mass ratio of 1.31. For these conditions, the lowest manufacturing cost (COM=US$ 178.8/kg extract) was estimated for a unit containing two 0.005-m3 extractors.
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•Pressurized liquid extraction was applied to obtain bioactive compounds from grape peel.•LC-MS/MS revealed that twenty-seven phenolic compounds were extracted.•The films produced ...with grape peel extract are pH-sensitive.•The films functionalized with grape peel extract showed good compounds release control.•The pH-sensing films can monitor food freshness during storage.
This study produced pH-sensing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films functionalized with bioactive compounds obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of grape peel to monitor the freshness of pork and milk. A semi-continuous PLE was conducted using hydroethanolic solution (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 5 mL/min, 15 MPa, and 60 °C. The films were produced by the casting technique using CMC (2.5 %, w/v), glycerol (1 %, v/v), and functionalized with 10, 30, and 50 % (v/v) grape peel extract. From the results obtained, LC-MS/MS revealed that PLE extracted twenty-seven phenolic compounds. The main phenolic compounds were kaempferol-3-glucoside (367.23 ± 25.88 µg/mL), prunin (270.23 ± 3.62 µg/mL), p-coumaric acid (236.43 ± 26.02 µg/mL), and procyanidin B1 (117.17 ± 7.29 µg/mL). The CMC films presented suitable color and mechanical properties for food packaging applications. The addition of grape peel extract promoted the pH-sensing property, showing the sensitivity of anthocyanins to pH changes. The films functionalized with grape peel extract presented good release control of bioactive compounds, making them suitable for food packaging applications. When applied to monitor the freshness of pork and milk, the films exhibited remarkable color changes associated with the pH of the food during storage. In conclusion, PLE is a sustainable approach to obtaining bioactive compounds from the grape peel, which can be applied in the formulation of pH-sensing films as a promising sustainable material to monitor food freshness during storage.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Recently, the development of techniques to produce detoxified biocompounds has attracted much research interest. This study reviews adsorbents for application in the purification and detoxification ...of biocompounds, aiming to identify the field's knowledge gaps, trends, updates and hotspots. This review focuses on the description of the types of adsorbents (activated carbon, zeolites, clays, clay minerals and biosorbents) and their activation methods (chemical and physical) for laboratory and industrial adsorption. The adsorbents that stand out are activated carbon and chitosan‐based adsorbents. Moreover, there is a research trend toward using adsorbents to purify bioactive compounds, sugars and amino acids. Finally, adsorbents underscore a growing global research interest in exploring effective treatments for removing various combinations.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Analyzing compounds such as polyphenols in solid samples frequently uses a solid-liquid extraction step. The solid-liquid extraction and analysis integration in a single equipment is not commercially ...available since several challenges are inherent to this hybridization. In the context of developing more sustainable analytical procedures, innovative techniques are demanded. Given that, this work proposes a new integrative system (2D PLE × HPLC-PDA) and presents its validation for bioactive compound extraction and online quantification, discussing the main advantages and cares that need to be taken. Two food byproducts – passion fruit bagasse and coffee husks – were chosen as solid model samples. The system was configured to perform pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with periodical automated extract injection in the HPLC, consequently obtaining the online quantification of target compounds from the solid samples. In parallel with the online injections, extract fractions were collected and submitted to offline analysis in which the extraction yield of piceatannol and chlorogenic acid and caffeine were evaluated, respectively, for passion fruit bagasse and coffee husks. The extraction yields obtained by online and offline injections were compared and were significantly equal (p > 0.05). Thus, the 2D PLE × HPLC-PDA system represents a feasible tool to integrate solid sample preparation and chemical analysis of biocompounds in a single and online step.
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•An automated system to analyze bioactive compounds from solid samples is presented.•2D PLE × HPLC-PDA system integrates sample preparation online with chromatography.•The system validation compares online and offline extract quantification.•The new online method reports significantly equal yields with offline quantification.•The online method represents a feasible tool for analyzing bioactive compounds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Soy has been traditionally incorporated in diet as processed foods, such as soymilk, tofu, miso, tempeh, etc., and the consumption is commonly associated with a reduction of the development of ...chronic diseases due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties, among others. Many of the health benefits of soy have been attributed to isoflavones. They comprise a group of naturally occurring flavonoids consisting of heterocyclic phenols. Soy contains three types of isoflavones in four chemical forms: the aglycones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein; the β-glucosides daidzin, genistin, and glycitin; their 6″-O-malonyl-β-glucosides (6OMalGlc); and their 6″-O-acetyl-β-glucosides (6OAcGlc) conjugates. Industrial processing methods of soy-based food products commonly lead to the loss of isoflavones through removal of undesirable fractions. On the other hand, isoflavones can be transformed into different conjugates, which may have significant effects on the food texture and on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the isoflavones. This article reviews the effect of a number of soybean processing treatments on the isoflavone content and profile. The preparation and manufacturing of different soy-based food and food ingredients, fermented and non-fermented, has been analyzed in terms of content and distribution of the three major isoflavone derivatives, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, and their respective conjugates.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
•pH and temperature are the main variables affecting recovery and separation.•The selection of the adsorbent is critical for the recovery of less polar compounds.•Excellent separation of compounds in ...different fractions was achieved.•The use of a UV–Vis detector allowed monitoring the process in real-time.•The developed method provided higher recoveries than conventional methods.
The in-line coupling of the pressurized liquid extraction with a solid-phase adsorbent and a UV–Vis detector for the simultaneous extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from yerba mate (PLE-SPE-UV) was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, water was used as a solvent, while in the second stage, ethanol was used. For the optimization of the method, different adsorbents (Sepra C18-E, Isolute C18-EC, and Strata-X C18), temperatures (40–80 °C), solvent flow-rate (1–3 mL/min), and pH (4.0 and 8.0) were evaluated. By using a UV–Vis detector on-line, it is possible to monitor the process in real-time. The developed method allowed obtaining similar or higher recoveries of all the compounds classes than other methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, stirring, maceration, and pressurized liquid extraction alone, in addition to separating them into fractions. The developed method could be used as sample preparation for the analysis of different compounds classes from mate.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Pressurized liquid extraction of curcuminoids from deflavored turmeric was conducted.•Maximum curcuminoids content of 4.4% d.b. was obtained at 333K and 10MPa.•PLE required less time than Soxhlet ...and low-pressure solvent extraction.•Obtaining extracts rich in curcuminoids by PLE is economically feasible.
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of curcuminoids from deflavored turmeric rhizomes was optimized. The rhizomes were initially deflavored by extraction with supercritical CO2. Immediately after SFE, PLE process was performed using ethanol as the solvent and a static extraction time of 20min, and the independent variables were the temperature (333–353K) and pressure (10–35MPa). The results indicate that the optimum extraction temperature and pressure were 333K and 10MPa, respectively. PLE required three and six times less extraction time than low-pressure solvent extraction and Soxhlet extraction, respectively, to produce similar extraction yields. The cost of manufacturing (COM) decreased from US$ 94.92kg−1 to US$ 88.26kg−1 when the capacity of the two-extractor system increased from 0.05m3 to 0.5m3 and from US$ 94.92kg−1 to US$ 17.86kg−1 when the cost of the raw materials decreased from US$ 7.91kg−1 to US$ 0.85kg−1 for a two 0.05m3 extractor system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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