OBJECTIVEThe role of personality traits in self-asphyxial behaviors remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to explore temperament and character profiles of youth reporting ...participation in the choking game using Cloninger's biopsychosocial model of personality. METHODSData were collected among French middle-school students (N=1771) aged 9-16 years (mean age=13.0, SD=1.3) and randomly selected from 13 public establishments located in different regions of France. Logistic regression models were run to identify Cloninger's temperamental and character dimensions associated with engagement in the choking game. RESULTSDescriptive analysis revealed that participants showed high scores of novelty-seeking (Cohen's d=0.293, p<0.001) and low levels of cooperativeness (Cohen's d=0.182, p<0.01), persistence (Cohen's d=0.182, p<0.05), and reward dependence (Cohen's d=0.241, p<0.01). However, multivariate modeling indicated that only the novelty-seeking dimension tended to slightly differentiate participants from non-participants within the global sample (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1-1.06). When we compared girls and boys, we found a slight trend in association only in boys (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1-1.08). CONCLUSIONSOur study, which contributes to the growing literature on the psychological correlates of choking activities and is the first to investigate the potential predictive role of personality traits in this risky behavior, suggests to some extent that (a) the choking game could possibly be influenced by some temperamental characteristics, and that (b) it might not have the same function according to the gender considered.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Homicide-suicides (HS), the murder of one or several individuals followed by the perpetrator's suicide, are a major public health problem. Despite an abundant literature on predictors of this complex ...phenomenon, findings have been contradictory. Our aim in this systematic review was to examine the characteristics of HS perpetrators and more globally the risk factors associated with HS. We searched six electronic databases from inception to October 1993 to August 2019 and identified 49 eligible studies. We extracted eight categories of risk factors, structured as follows: sociodemographic characteristics; relationship dynamics and family situation; victimological factors; psychopathological vulnerabilities; legal history; life experiences; motivational factors; and modus operandi. Perpetrators of homicide-suicides were older and more likely to be male, older than homicide or suicide perpetrators. Studies also reveal an early history of adversity during childhood, legal issues in the past, as well as the exposure to stressful and/or traumatic events shortly before the criminal act as risk factors. Most of HS are perpetrated in an intra-familial setting and occur in the context of recent separation, divorce, and domestic conflicts. Finally, the present review shows the significant contribution of psychopathological factors (e.g., depressive disorder, psychotic delusional convictions) in the HS phenomenon.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Au cours de ces dernières années, le nombre de publications au sujet de l’expression et de l’identification des traits psychopathiques chez l’enfant et l’adolescent n’a cessé de croître. Le statut ...qu’il s’agit d’accorder à ces caractéristiques de personnalité suscite en effet de vives discussions au sein d’une littérature internationale tendant de plus en plus à interroger les fondements théoriques et empiriques d’une transposition des composantes du construit de psychopathie à l’enfance. La présente recension s’attache dès lors à dresser un état des lieux synthétique et critique des positions conceptuelles et des découvertes scientifiques venant justifier de la pertinence et de l’intérêt thérapeutique et préventif d’une prise en compte précoce de certaines spécificités comportementales, affectives et relationnelles signant une possible organisation pré-psychopathique. Aussi s’agira-t-il de venir discuter l’inscription développementale des manifestations personnologiques de type psychopathique, de présenter les travaux relatifs à leur évaluation et à leur mesure chez l’enfant et l’adolescent, ainsi que les modélisations théoriques autour de la structuration et de l’expression sémiologique et phénotypique de dimensions psychiques à caractère pré-psychopathique. Cela nous conduira alors à évoquer les données empiriques en faveur de la stabilité et de la persistance des traits psychopathiques au cours du développement, ainsi que leurs corrélats sur le plan émotionnel et moral. Nous terminerons enfin sur certaines considérations d’ordre étiopathogénique, avant de conclure sur la question de la portée criminogène de ces traits de personnalité, notamment dans leur rapport aux trajectoires d’agressivité et de délinquance, mais également relativement au pronostic d’évolution du trouble des conduites.
In recent years, the number of publications related to the extension, expression and identification of psychopathic traits in children and adolescents has increased steadily. The status of these personality facets is the subject of heated debate in the international literature, which tends to question the theoretical and empirical foundations of a transposition of the components of the construction of psychopathy in childhood. This review therefore aims to draw up a synthetic and critical overview of the conceptual positions and scientific findings that justify the relevance as well as the therapeutic and preventive interests of early consideration of certain behavioral, affective and relational specificities indicating a possible pre-psychopathic organization. The aim of this article is to discuss the developmental anchorage of psychopathic manifestations, to present works relating to their evaluation and measurement in children and adolescents, as well as theoretical modelling around the structure and semiological and phenotypical expression of pre-psychopathic dimensions. This will then lead us to emphasize the evidence for the stability and persistence of psychopathic features through the years, as well as their emotional and moral correlates. Finally, we will discuss some etiological considerations before concluding on the predictive value of these personality traits in trajectories of aggressiveness and delinquency, but also in the context of prognosis of the evolution of conduct disorder symptomatology.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) is one of the most commonly used scales for measuring psychopathic traits from childhood to adulthood.
The aim of the current research was to scrutinize ...the psychometric properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (YPI-S) translated into French.
The factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity of YPI-S scores were examined in a sample of 757 emerging adults from the general population in France (aged 18–20 years; 54.43% women).
Results of confirmatory factor analyses support the proposed 3-factor structure (observed in children and adolescents) among both men and women. The YPI-S total score and the 3 factor (Grandiose-Manipulative, Callous-Unemotional, and Impulsive-Irresponsible) scores were internally consistent. Correlations with external criterion variables of interest, including the Dark Triad construct and its components (psychopathy, machiavellianism and narcissism), reactive and proactive aggression, and delinquency, support the convergent validity of the interpretation of YPI-S scores. Finally, findings also suggest that YPI-S works consistently for both men and women.
In addition to demonstrating the psychometric qualities of the French version of the YPI-S, this research provides further evidences for the value of this brief and time-effective self-report instrument in the study of psychopathic traits across different developmental phases, and especially during the transition to adulthood.
Le Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) constitue aujourd’hui l’une des échelles de mesure les plus utilisées pour évaluer les traits psychopathiques de l’enfance à l’âge adulte.
Nous nous proposons dans cette étude d’examiner les propriétés psychométriques de la version courte de la YPI traduite en français.
La structure factorielle, la consistance interne ainsi que la validité convergente des différents scores de la Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short Version (YPI-S) ont été investiguées auprès d’un échantillon de 757 jeunes adultes issus de la population générale en France (18–20 ans ; 54,43 % de femmes).
Les analyses factorielles confirmatoires révèlent une structure trifactorielle retrouvée aussi bien dans l’échantillon global que dans les sous-échantillons masculin et féminin, ce qui rejoint les résultats obtenus lors d’antérieures recherches menées auprès d’enfants et d’adolescents. Le score total de l’YPI-S et les scores de chacune des trois dimensions (« Grandiose-Manipulative » ou dimension interpersonnelle, « Callous-Unemotional » ou dimension affective, et « Impulsive-Irresponsible » ou dimension comportementale) montrent des niveaux de consistante interne satisfaisants. Les corrélations avec les variables externes d’intérêt – en l’occurrence le construit de la Dark Triad et ses trois composantes (psychopathie, machiavélisme et narcissisme), l’agressivité proactive et réactive ainsi que les conduites antisociales et délictuelles – confirment la validité convergente de la YPI-S. Enfin, les résultats suggèrent que cette échelle est parfaitement ajustée tant pour les hommes que pour les femmes.
Outre la démonstration des qualités psychométriques de la version française de la YPI-S, la présente recherche fournit des preuves supplémentaires en faveur de l’intérêt de cet outil d’auto-évaluation – court et efficace – dans l’étude des traits psychopathiques à travers différentes périodes développementales, et en particulier lors de la transition à l’âge adulte.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Résumé Recouvrant la composante affective du construit psychopathique, les traits dits Callous-Unemotional (CU) se caractérisent par une indifférence et une insensibilité émotionnelle, une froideur ...affective, un manque de culpabilité et de remords, une quasi-absence d’empathie, ainsi qu’une tendance à charmer associée à une superficialité des affects (Frick et al., 2003). Selon certains chercheurs (Frick et al., 2014), ces éléments de personnalité pourraient être constitutifs d’une forme prodromique de la psychopathie chez l’adulte et permettraient ainsi d’identifier dès l’enfance certaines particularités émotionnelles tant pathogènes que criminogènes. Néanmoins, bien qu’une multitude de recherches aient mis en exergue la contribution non négligeable de ces spécificités émotionnelles, leur intégration au sein des modèles développementaux et étiopathogéniques de l’agressivité et de la délinquance suscite encore de nombreux débats. Dans un tel contexte, la présente recension a pour objectif de présenter et de clarifier l’état actuel des connaissances à propos de la pertinence clinique et préventive de ces traits CU dans le repérage et le diagnostic du trouble des conduites, mais également, et plus globalement, dans l’émergence, la chronicisation et la sévérité des agissements délictuels et criminels. Nous avons, pour ce faire, réalisé une revue systématique et exhaustive des études longitudinales, publiées de 1990 à nos jours, ayant questionné la valeur prédictive de ces traits CU vis-à-vis du développement et de l’évolution des différentes formes de conduites antisociales et agressives observées de l’enfance à l’âge adulte. L’analyse approfondie de la littérature – exclusivement d’origine anglo-saxonne – tend à attester des liens prospectifs unissant la présence initiale de traits CU avec diverses outcomes de nature criminologique, corroborant ainsi l’idée selon laquelle cet agrégat de traits viendrait potentiellement préfigurer et précipiter l’installation, tout autant que la persistance, de certaines problématiques et trajectoires antisociales. Objectives Corresponding to the affective facet of psychopathic personality, the Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by indifference and emotional insensitivity, emotional coldness, lack of guilt and remorse, an absence of empathy, as well as a tendency to charm associated with a superficiality of affects (Frick et al., 2003). According to some researchers (Frick et al., 2014), these personality elements could constitute a prodromal form of psychopathy in adults and so would identify from childhood certain emotional characteristics as pathogenic as criminogenic. Nonetheless, although many studies have highlighted the important contribution of these emotional characteristics, their integration in the developmental and etiopathogenic models of aggression and delinquency still debated. In this context, the purpose of the present review is to explore and clarify the current state of knowledge about the clinical and preventive relevance of these CU traits in the identification and diagnosis of conduct disorder, but also - and more overall - in the emergence, chronicity and severity of delinquent and criminal behaviors. Method We performed a systematic review of longitudinal studies, published from 1990 to the present, having examined the predictive value of these CU traits about the development and evolution of aggressive and antisocial behaviors observed from childhood to adulthood. Results The analysis of the literature - exclusively of Anglo-Saxon origin - tends to show the prospective links between the initial presence of CU traits and various outcomes of criminological nature. Conclusions The results presented in the current paper corroborate the idea that this these traits would potentially foreshadow and to precipitate the installation as well as the persistence of certain antisocial issues and delinquent trajectories.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of full-field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate cartilage degeneration using the qualitative ...evaluation of histology sections as the reference.
Thirty-three human knee cartilage samples of variable degeneration were included in the study. A closely matching histology and FFOCT image was acquired for each sample. The cartilage degeneration was qualitatively evaluated by assigning a grade to each histology and FFOCT image. The relevance of the performed grading was assessed by calculating the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility and calculating the concordance between the histology and FFOCT grades. A near-automatic algorithm was developed to quantitatively characterize the cartilage surface in each image. The correlation between the quantitative results and the reference qualitative histology was calculated.
An almost perfect agreement was achieved for both the intra- and inter-reproducibility of the histology and FFOCT qualitative grading (κ ≥ 0.91). A high and statistically significant level of agreement was measured between the histology and FFOCT grades (W = 0.95, P < 0.05). Strong and statistically significant correlations were measured between the quantitative results and the reference qualitative histology grades (ρ ≥ 0.75, P < 0.05).
We have demonstrated that FFOCT is an alternative approach to conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) that is as well adapted for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human cartilage as the reference gold standard – histology. This study constitutes the first promising results towards developing a new diagnostic tool in the field of osteoarthritis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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