Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important unicellular yeast species within the biotechnological and the food and beverage industries. A significant application of this species is the production of ...ethanol, where concentrations are limited by cellular toxicity, often at the level of the cell membrane. Here, we characterize 61 S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol tolerance and further analyze five representatives with various ethanol tolerances. The most tolerant strain, AJ4, was dominant in coculture at 0 and 10% ethanol. Unexpectedly, although it does not have the highest noninhibitory concentration or MIC, MY29 was the dominant strain in coculture at 6% ethanol, which may be linked to differences in its basal lipidome. Although relatively few lipidomic differences were observed between strains, a significantly higher phosphatidylethanolamine concentration was observed in the least tolerant strain, MY26, at 0 and 6% ethanol compared to the other strains that became more similar at 10%, indicating potential involvement of this lipid with ethanol sensitivity. Our findings reveal that AJ4 is best able to adapt its membrane to become more fluid in the presence of ethanol and that lipid extracts from AJ4 also form the most permeable membranes. Furthermore, MY26 is least able to modulate fluidity in response to ethanol, and membranes formed from extracted lipids are least leaky at physiological ethanol concentrations. Overall, these results reveal a potential mechanism of ethanol tolerance and suggest a limited set of membrane compositions that diverse yeast species use to achieve this.
Many microbial processes are not implemented at the industrial level because the product yield is poorer and more expensive than can be achieved by chemical synthesis. It is well established that microbes show stress responses during bioprocessing, and one reason for poor product output from cell factories is production conditions that are ultimately toxic to the cells. During fermentative processes, yeast cells encounter culture media with a high sugar content, which is later transformed into high ethanol concentrations. Thus, ethanol toxicity is one of the major stresses in traditional and more recent biotechnological processes. We have performed a multilayer phenotypic and lipidomic characterization of a large number of industrial and environmental strains of
to identify key resistant and nonresistant isolates for future applications.
The ethenolysis of cardanol (2), a waste product from cashew kernel production, was carried out using a variety of metathesis catalysts. Surprisingly, the best activities and selectivities could be ...observed with ruthenium based 1st generation type catalysts converting cardanol (2) almost completely to the corresponding 1-octene (6) and 3-non-8-enylphenol (4), a potential detergent precursor. Detailed investigation of the reaction system showed that the high activity and selectivity were due to a combination of ethenolysis and internal self-metathesis of the unsaturated cardanol mixture, 2. Self-metathesis of cardanol (2) containing three double bonds led to the formation of 3-non-8-enylphenol (4) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (7). The latter was crucial for a high selectivity and activity in the ethenolysis, not only of cardanol (2), but also of other substrates like methyl oleate (10) when using ruthenium based 1st generation catalysts. The endocrine disrupting properties of 3-nonylphenol and related compounds are compared.
Do private and philanthropic solutions to the problems of education signal the end of state education in itswelfare form?Education policy is being reformed and re-worked on a global scale. Policies ...are flowing and converging to produce a singular vision ofbest practice based on the methods and tenets of theneo-liberal imaginary. Philanthro
Emissions from traditional cookstoves are a major health concern in developing world households. Improved cookstoves can reduce fuel use and pollutant emissions and here we compare three types of ...improved cookstoves widely used in Sub-Saharan Africa. These are a raised-bed charcoal stove, a rocket-type stove using wood and straw, and a gasifier stove. Laboratory measurements were made of the main gaseous pollutants, particle size distribution and composition. The genotoxicity of the particles was assessed using a comet assay. The rocket-type stove using dry wood had the highest emission factors for particulate matter and NO
X
. Emissions of CO and CH
4
were a factor of 6-7 higher from the charcoal stove compared with the other stoves tested in this work, and also higher for burning high moisture wood. Fuel properties were critical for emitted particle size, and for the emissions of NO
X
, black carbon and organic matter.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
OBJECTIVE
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has been gradually accepted as an alternative surgical approach to open thoracotomy for selected patients with non-small-cell lung ...cancer (NSCLC) over the past 20 years. The aim of this project was to standardize the perioperative management of VATS lobectomy patients through expert consensus and to provide insightful guidance to clinical practice.
METHODS
A panel of 55 experts on VATS lobectomy was identified by the Scientific Secretariat and the International Scientific Committee of the '20th Anniversary of VATS Lobectomy Conference-The Consensus Meeting'. The Delphi methodology consisting of two rounds of voting was implemented to facilitate the development of consensus. Results from the second-round voting formed the basis of the current Consensus Statement. Consensus was defined a priori as more than 50% agreement among the panel of experts. Clinical practice was deemed 'recommended' if 50-74% of the experts reached agreement and 'highly recommended' if 75% or more of the experts reached agreement.
RESULTS
Fifty VATS lobectomy experts (91%) from 16 countries completed both rounds of standardized questionnaires. No statistically significant differences in the responses between the two rounds of questioning were identified. Consensus was reached on 21 controversial points, outlining the current accepted definition of VATS lobectomy, its indications and contraindications, perioperative clinical management and recommendations for training and future research directions.
CONCLUSION
The present Consensus Statement represents a collective agreement among 50 international experts to establish a standardized practice of VATS lobectomy for the thoracic surgical community after 20 years of clinical experience.
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