HEPHAESTUS AND TALOS Gao, Simin
Singapore journal of legal studies,
03/2020
2020
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In the context of intelligent finance, the traditional legal framework targeting financial professionals is impractical and ineffective for robo-advisors do not possess independent legal personality, ...thereby leading to problems of empty enforcement, confusion concerning the identity of obligors and the failure of the existing system of duties. To deal with this dilemma, lawmakers need to restructure the obligor’s identification mechanism and the system of duties. The substance of duties for the mode of robo-advisor needs to penetrate the complex veil and keep up with the algorithmic level to reflect their essential characteristics. The principles for the new regulatory paradigm are to avoid the evasion of accountabilities and responsibilities caused by dodging and relaxing the duties with the excuse of algorithm black box, as well as to avoid overburdening obligors by fully embracing the new development of artificial intelligence.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, FFLJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, PRFLJ, UL, UM, UPUK
Estuaries represent an important link between the land and the ocean. Heterotrophic microorganisms in the estuary are fuelled by a composite pool of both recalcitrant terrestrial organic carbon (OC) ...transported by rivers and labile OC produced by aquatic phototrophs. Bathyarchaeota that are widely distributed in estuarine sediments have unique metabolic functions in carbon metabolism. However, their ecology and physiological capacities are not fully understood. In this study, we coupled taxonomic composition with comprehensive geochemical data to investigate the distribution and the OC utilization potential of Bathyarchaeota in the sediment of Pearl River Estuary (PRE). The subgroups of Bathy-6, Bathy-8, Bathy-15 and Bathy-17 dominated in all sediment samples. Different bathyarchaeotal subgroups occupied different niches along the salinity gradient in the PRE sediment. Seasonal variations of bathyarchaeotal subgroups presented in freshwater sediments are significantly positively correlated with ammonium. The abundance of Bathyarchaeota, such as Bathy-8, was significantly correlated with δ13C and fraction of terrestrially derived OC. These results indicated that Bathyarchaeota potentially utilized recalcitrant terrestrial OC in PRE sediments and may play an important role in the OC turnover in dynamic subtropical estuarine systems.
•Bathyarchaeota constitute major groups of benthic archaea in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE).•Salinity is an essential factor characterizing the niche specificity of Bathyarchaeota in the PRE.•Bathyarchaeota may play a significant role in degrading recalcitrant terrestrial organic matter in the PRE.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
High-quality surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of aflatoxin (AF) B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) have been acquired using silver nanorod (AgNR) array substrates fabricated by oblique angle ...deposition method. Significant vibrational peaks are identified on the argon plasma-cleaned substrates, and those peaks agree very well with the Raman spectra calculated by density function theory (DFT). The concentration-dependent SERS detection is also explored. The relationship between the concentration (C) of different AFs and the SERS intensity (I) of the Raman peak at Δν = 1592 cm(-1) is found to follow the general relationship I = AC(α), with α ranging from 0.32 to 0.46 for the four AFs. The limits of detection (LODs) reach 5 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) for AFB(1), 1 × 10(-4) mol L(-1) for AFB(2), and 5 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for both AFG(1) and AFG(2) in bulk solution, or 6.17 × 10(-16) mol/1.93 × 10(-4) ng of AFB(1), 1.23 × 10(-15) mol/3.88 × 10(-4) ng for AFB(2), 6.17 × 10(-17) mol/2.03 × 10(-5) ng for AFG(1), and 6.17 × 10(-17) mol/2.04 × 10(-5) ng for AFG(2) per laser spot. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to successfully differentiate these four different kinds of AFs at different concentrations up to their detection limits. The LODs obtained from PCA agree with the LODs obtained by using peak fitting method. With such a low detection limit and outstanding differentiation ability, we prove the possibility of utilizing the SERS detection system as a platform for highly sensitive mycotoxin detection.
According to the calculated results on the charge distribution of oxygenated heme and deoxygenated heme, and based on the theory of electron excitations in photo-acceptor molecules and the absorption ...spectra of hemoglobin, it is found that low-level laser within the waveband of about 800–1060 nm can promote the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin and improve the oxygen supply of capillaries to surrounding tissues. Furthermore, the reasons have been explained that why the low-level laser at a wavelength of 830 nm is better in the treatment on burn injury and stimulation of hair growth. We also explained why the near-infrared laser of 1064 nm is applied to the forehead to improve cerebral oxygenation in healthy humans. Finally, according to comparison of atomic charge distribution in heme before and after bound to small molecule of carbon monoxide or nitric oxide, it could be inferred that the low-level laser with an appropriate wavelength can promote the carbon monoxide hemoglobin and nitric oxide hemoglobin to dissociate the carbon monoxide molecules and the nitric oxide molecules. This may be used for adjuvant therapy of carbon monoxide poisoning or nitric oxide poisoning.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The features of the unconformity, fault and tectonic inversion in the eastern Doseo Basin, Chad, were analyzed, and the genetic mechanisms and basin evolution were discussed using seismic and ...drilling data. The following results are obtained. First, four stratigraphic unconformities, i.e. basement (Tg), Mangara Group (T10), lower Upper Cretaceous (T5) and Cretaceous (T4), four faulting stages, i.e. Barremian extensional faults, Aptian–Coniacian strike-slip faults, Campanian strike-slip faults, and Eocene strike-slip faults, and two tectonic inversions, i.e. Santonian and end of Cretaceous, were developed in the Doseo Basin. Second, the Doseo Basin was an early failed intracontinental passive rift basin transformed by the strike-slip movement and tectonic inversion. The initial rifting between the African and South American plates induced the nearly N-S stretching of the Doseo Basin, giving rise to the formation of the embryonic Doseo rift basin. The nearly E-W strike-slip movement of Borogop (F1) in the western section of the Central African Shear Zone resulted in the gradual cease of the near north-south rifting and long-term strike-slip transformation, forming a dextral transtension fault system with inherited activity but gradually weakened in intensity (interrupted by two tectonic inversions). This fault system was composed of the main shear (F1), R-type shear (F2-F3) and P-type shear (F4-F5) faults, with the strike-slip associated faults as branches. The strike-slip movements of F1 in Cretaceous and Eocene were controlled by the dextral shear opening of the equatorial south Atlantic and rapid expanding of the Indian Ocean, respectively. The combined function of the strike-slip movement of F1 and the convergence between Africa and Eurasia made the Doseo Basin underwent the Santonian dextral transpressional inversion characterized by intensive folding deformation leading to the echelon NE-SW and NNE-SSW nose-shaped uplifts and unconformity (T5) on high parts of the uplifts. The convergence between Africa and Eurasia caused the intensive tectonic inversion of Doseo Basin at the end of Cretaceous manifesting as intensive uplift, denudation and folding deformation, forming the regional unconformity (T4) and superposing a nearly E-W structural configuration on the Santonian structures. Third, the Doseo Basin experienced four evolutional stages with the features of short rifting and long depression, i.e. Barremian rifting, Aptian rifting–depression transition, Albian–Late Cretaceous depression, and Cenozoic extinction, under the control of the tectonic movements between Africa and its peripheral plates.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this paper, a novel flow perturbation model meant to investigate the effects of incoming wind shear on a hypersonic inlet/isolator is presented. This research focuses on the transient ...shock/boundary layer interaction and shock train flow evolution in a hypersonic inlet/isolator with an on-design Mach number of 6.0 under incoming wind shear at high altitudes, precisely at an altitude of 30 km with a magnitude speed of 80 m/s. Despite the low intensity of wind shear at high altitudes, the results reveal that wind shear significantly disrupts the inlet/isolator flowfield, affecting the shock wave/boundary layer interaction in the unthrottled state, which drives the separation bubble at the throat to move downstream and then upstream. Moreover, the flowfield behaves as a hysteresis phenomenon under the effect of wind shear, and the total pressure recovery coefficients at the throat and exit of the inlet/isolator increase by approximately 10% to 12%. Furthermore, this research focuses on investigating the impact of wind shear on the behavior of the shock train. Once the inlet/isolator is in a throttled state, wind shear severely impacts the motion of the shock train. When the downstream backpressure is 135 times the incoming pressure (p0), the shock train first moves upstream and gradually couples with a cowl shock wave/boundary layer interaction, resulting in a more significant separation at the throat, and then moves downstream and decouples from the separation bubble at the throat. However, if the downstream backpressure increases to 140 p0, the shock train enlarges the separation bubble, forcing the inlet/isolator to fall into the unstart state, and it cannot be restarted. These findings emphasize the need to consider wind shear effects in the design and operation of hypersonic inlet/isolator.
Non-chlorinated solvents are highly preferable for organic electronic processing due to their environmentally friendly characteristics. Four different halogen-free solvents, tetrafuran, toluene, ...meta-xylene and 1,2,4-trimethyl- benzene, were selected to fabricate n-channel organic thin film transistors （OTFTs） based on 3-hexylundecyl sub- stituted naphthalene diimides fused with （1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene）malononitrile groups （NDI3HU-DTYM2）. The OTFTs based on NDI3HU-DTYM2 showed electron mobility of up to 1.37 cm2-V-1·s -1 under ambient condition. This is among the highest device performance for n-channel OTFTs processed from halogen-free solvents. The dif- ferent thin-film morphologies, from featureless low crystalline morphology to well-aligned nanofibres, have a great effect on the device performance. These results might shed some light on solvent selection and the resulting solution process for organic electronic devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignant tumor that primarily develops in children and adolescents. The conventional treatments for osteosarcoma often exert negative effects on normal cells, and ...chemotherapeutic drugs, such as platinum, can lead to multidrug resistance in tumor cells. Herein, this work reports a new bioinspired tumor‐targeting and enzyme‐activatable cell‐material interface system based on DDDEEK‐pY‐phenylboronic acid (SAP‐pY‐PBA) conjugates. Using this tandem‐activation system, this work selectively regulates the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) triggered anchoring and aggregation of SAP‐pY‐PBA conjugates on the cancer cell surface and the subsequent formation of the supramolecular hydrogel. This hydrogel layer can efficiently kill osteosarcoma cells by enriching calcium ions from tumor cells and forming a dense hydroxyapatite layer. Owing to the novel antitumor mechanism, this strategy neither hurts normal cells nor causes multidrug resistance in tumor cells, thereby showing an enhanced tumor treatment effect than the classical antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The outcome of this research demonstrates a new antitumor strategy based on a bioinspired enzyme‐responsive biointerface combining supramolecular hydrogels with biomineralization.
A tumor‐targeting and enzyme‐activatable cell‐material interface system based on DDDEEK‐pY‐phenylboronic acid (SAP‐pY‐PBA) conjugates are shown to efficiently kill osteosarcoma cells by enriching calcium ions from tumor cells and forming a dense hydroxyapatite layer. To sum up, this system targeted to cancer cells surfaces to induce specific cell calcification as a promising strategy for developing alternative therapeutics to treat osteosarcoma.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The cramdown rule (11 USC s 1,129(b)) originates from the U.S. 1978 Bankruptcy Code as an innovative mechanism. The cramdown provision is rarely used in judicial practice in the United States. ...However, it is a key rule to understand the parties' bargaining structure. The inactive cramdown provision yet has been widely transplanted into other jurisdictions, including China. Little literature exists to explore the economic rationale of cramdown provision mainly because of its inactiveness in practice. This research explores the economic function of the cramdown provision in an inefficient market, using the cases of United States and China. This research observes that the cramdown provisions can only effectively function with the essential conditions and elements, such as the Best Interests of the Creditors Test, good faith, feasibility, fairness and equitability as well as the absolute priority rule. Therefore, the partial transplantation of the cramdown provision might not be effective.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PRFLJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a digital form of fiat currency. CBDC has the potential to be a game challenger in the international financial system, bringing increased complexities arising ...from technology and regulatory considerations, as well as generating greater currency competition. As more states begin exploring CBDC, the interactions between actors may lead to the emergence of a new CBDC network. What shape would the emerging CBDC network take? What would its network effects be? What would be the impact of the CBDC network on the international financial system, or the global financial network? This article explores these questions by examining the emerging CBDC network and its regulatory implications. It argues that the CBDC network would likely be both decentralized and uncoordinated, making it unlikely to lead to convergence in CBDC regulation. The CBDC network would probably bring policy diffusion effects, with states behaving instrumentally, while shaking up the power balance between different actors, generating both cooperation and conflict. The CBDC network also has the potential to push international financial system toward becoming more decentralized.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
