RNA virus infection is sensed in the cytoplasm by the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors. These proteins signal through the host adaptor protein MAVS to trigger the antiviral ...innate immune response. Here, we describe how MAVS subcellular localization impacts its function and the regulation underlying MAVS signaling. We propose a model to describe how the coordination of MAVS functions at the interface between the mitochondria and the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane programs antiviral signaling.
Deliberative methods are of increasing interest to public health researchers and policymakers. We systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature to identify public health and health policy ...research involving deliberative methods and report how deliberative methods have been used. We applied a taxonomy developed with reference to health policy and science and technology studies literatures to distinguish how deliberative methods engage different publics: citizens (ordinary people who are unfamiliar with the issues), consumers (those with relevant personal experience e.g. of illness) and advocates (those with technical expertise or partisan interests). We searched four databases for empirical studies in English published 1996–2013. This identified 78 articles reporting on 62 distinct events from the UK, USA, Canada, Australasia, Europe, Israel, Asia and Africa. Ten different types of deliberative techniques were used to represent and capture the interests and preferences of different types of public. Citizens were typically directed to consider community interests and were treated as a resource to increase democratic legitimacy. Citizens were preferred in methodological studies (those focused on understanding the techniques). Consumers were directed to focus on personal preferences; thus convened not as a source of policy decisions, but of knowledge about what those affected by the issue would accept. Advocates—who are most commonly used as expert witnesses in juries—were sometimes engaged to deliberate with consumers or citizens. This almost always occurred in projects directly linked to policy processes. This suggests health policymakers may value deliberative methods as a way of understanding disagreement between perspectives. Overall however, the ‘type’ of public sought was often not explicit, and their role not specified. This review provides new insight into the heterogeneity and rising popularity of deliberative methods, and indicates a need for greater clarity regarding both the constitution of publics and the relative usefulness of different deliberative techniques.
•Scoping study of use of deliberation in published health policy research: 1996–2013.•Three types of ‘public’ are convened: ‘citizens’, ‘consumers’, ‘advocates’.•These represent (respectively): democratic ideal, relevant experience, partisan views.•Deliberation by different publics is likely to generate different results.•Researchers should attend to, and report, which publics they have convened and why.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Measures of soil biology are critical for the assessment of soil quality under different agricultural management practices. By modifying soil microclimate, tillage exerts the most important control ...on soil microbial communities. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of tillage on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities. A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing 139 observations from 62 studies from around the world; the selected effect size (ES) was logn of the response ratio (RR), the mean of the tilled treatment divided by the mean of the no-till control. This ES was calculated for seven different microbial properties – microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), metabolic quotient (qCO2), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), dehydrogenase (DHA), β-glucosidase, and urease. Microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and enzyme activities were evaluated due their prevalent usage in evaluation of soil quality and use in soil quality indices. Overall, microbial biomass and all of the enzyme activities were greater under no-till compared to tillage. One exception to this was that under chisel tillage, there was no difference in MBC between the tilled plots and no-till. The qCO2 was greater under tillage than under no-till indicating more active microbes in tilled soil, perhaps compensating for the reduced quantity. In contrast, when looking at only long-term experiments, qCO2 was similar under both tillage and no-till, which may indicate that eventually microbes in no-till plots become as active as those in tilled plots even with the larger microbial community. The findings of this study illustrate that no-till and even reduced tillage, such as chisel tillage, promote larger microbial communities and greater enzymatic activity.
•Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on soil microbial properties.•Moldboard and disk but not chisel tillage reduced microbial biomass.•Greater enzyme activities under no-till.•Higher metabolic quotient under tillage for most observations.•However, similar metabolic quotients for till and no-till for long-term plots.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Transvaginal mesh (TVM) surgeries emerged as an innovative treatment for stress urine incontinency and/or pelvic organ prolapse in 1996. Years after rapid adoption of these surgeries into practice, ...they are a key example of worldwide failure of healthcare quality and patient safety. The prevalence of TVM-associated harms eventually prompted action globally, including an Australian Commonwealth Government Senate Inquiry in 2017.
We analysed 425 submissions made by women (n = 417) and their advocates (n = 8) to the Australian Senate Inquiry, and documents from 5 public hearings, using deductive and inductive coding, categorisation and thematic analysis informed by three 'linked dilemmas' from healthcare quality and safety theory. We focused on women's accounts of: a) how harms arose from TVM procedures, and b) micro, meso and macro factors that contributed to their experience. Our aim was to explain, from a patient perspective, how these harms persisted in Australian healthcare, and to identify mechanisms at micro, meso and macro levels explaining quality and safety system failure.
Our findings suggest three mechanisms explaining quality and safety failure: 1. Individual clinicians could ignore cases of TVM injury or define them as 'non-preventable'; 2. Women could not go beyond their treating clinicians to participate in defining and governing quality and safety; and. 3. Health services set thresholds for concern based on proportion of cases harmed, not absolute number or severity of harms.
We argue that privileging clinical perspectives over patient perspectives in evaluating TVM outcomes allowed micro-level actors to dismiss women's lived experience, such that women's accounts of harms had insufficient or no weight at meso and macro levels. Establishing system-wide expectations regarding responsiveness to patients, and communication of patient reported outcomes in evaluation of healthcare delivery, may help prevent similar failures.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) technology potentially improves the monitoring of marine fish populations. Realizing this promise awaits better understanding of how eDNA relates to fish presence ...and abundance. Here, we evaluate performance by comparing bottom trawl catches to eDNA from concurrent water samples. In conjunction with New Jersey Ocean Trawl Survey, 1-l water samples were collected at surface and depth prior to tows at about one-fourth of Survey sites in January, June, August, and November 2019. eDNA fish diversity from 1 l was same as or higher than trawl fish diversity from 66 M litres swept by one tow. Most (70–87%) species detected by trawl in a given month were also detected by eDNA, and vice versa, including nearly all (92–100%) abundant species. Trawl and eDNA peak seasonal abundance agreed for ∼70% of fish species. In log-scale comparisons by month, eDNA species reads correlated with species biomass, and more strongly with an allometric index calculated from biomass. In this 1-year study, eDNA reporting largely concorded with monthly trawl estimates of marine fish species richness, composition, seasonality, and relative abundance. Piggybacking eDNA onto an existing survey provided a relatively low-cost approach to better understand eDNA for marine fish stock assessment.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects 130–170 million people worldwide and is a major public health burden. HCV is an RNA virus that infects hepatocytes within liver, and this infection is ...sensed as non-self by the intracellular innate immune response to program antiviral immunity to HCV. HCV encodes several strategies to evade this antiviral response, and this evasion of innate immunity plays a key role in determining viral persistence. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of how the intracellular innate immune system detects HCV infection, including how HCV pathogen-associated molecular patterns are generated during infection and where they are recognized as foreign by the innate immune system. Further, this review highlights the key innate immune evasion strategies used by HCV to establish persistent infection within the liver, as well as how host genotype influences the outcome of HCV infection. Understanding these HCV–host interactions is key in understanding how to target HCV during infection and for the design of more effective HCV therapies at the immunological level.
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•Sensing of HCV by pattern recognition receptors activates antiviral immunity.•The HCV NS3/4A protease cleaves and inactivates innate immune signaling proteins.•Viral and host factors, including host IFNL3 genotype, affect anti-HCV responses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global public health problem involving chronic infection of the liver, which can cause liver disease and is linked with liver cancer. Viral innate immune evasion ...strategies and human genetic determinants underlie the transition of acute HCV infection to viral persistence and the support of chronic infection. Host genetic factors, such as sequence polymorphisms in IFNL3, a gene in the host interferon system, can influence both the outcome of the infection and the response to antiviral therapy. Recent insights into how HCV regulates innate immune signaling within the liver reveal a complex interaction of patient genetic background with viral and host factors of innate immune triggering and control that imparts the outcome of HCV infection and immunity.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
RIG-I pathway signaling of innate immunity against RNA virus infection is organized between the ER and mitochondria on a subdomain of the ER called the mitochondrial-associated ER membrane (MAM). The ...RIG-I adaptor protein MAVS transmits downstream signaling of antiviral immunity, with signaling complexes assembling on the MAM in association with mitochondria and peroxisomes. To identify components that regulate MAVS signalosome assembly on the MAM, we characterized the proteome of MAM, ER, and cytosol from cells infected with either chronic (hepatitis C) or acute (Sendai) RNA virus infections, as well as mock-infected cells. Comparative analysis of protein trafficking dynamics during both chronic and acute viral infection reveals differential protein profiles in the MAM during RIG-I pathway activation. We identified proteins and biochemical pathways recruited into and out of the MAM in both chronic and acute RNA viral infections, representing proteins that drive immunity and/or regulate viral replication. In addition, by using this comparative proteomics approach, we identified 3 new MAVS-interacting proteins, RAB1B, VTN, and LONP1, and defined LONP1 as a positive regulator of the RIG-I pathway. Our proteomic analysis also reveals a dynamic cross-talk between subcellular compartments during both acute and chronic RNA virus infection, and demonstrates the importance of the MAM as a central platform that coordinates innate immune signaling to initiate immunity against RNA virus infection.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • Viruses are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors during infection. • Viruses must inhibit the innate antiviral immune response for full replication. • Viruses can sequester ...innate immune proteins or target them for degradation. • RNA viruses encode proteases that cleave host innate immune proteins.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Organizations are currently facing the retirement of many older workers and the challenge of recruiting and retaining young talent. However, few studies have empirically substantiated generational ...differences in work values. This study examines the work values of a nationally representative sample of U.S. high school seniors in 1976, 1991, and 2006 (N = 16,507) representing Baby Boomers, Generation X (GenX), and Generation Me (GenMe, also known as GenY, or Millennials). With data collected across time, these analyses isolate generational differences from age differences, unlike one-time studies, which cannot separate the two. Leisure values increased steadily over the generations (d comparing Boomers and GenMe = .57), and work centrality declined. Extrinsic values (e.g., status, money) peaked with GenX but were still higher among GenMe than among Boomers (d = .26). Contrary to popular press reports, GenMe does not favor altruistic work values (e.g., helping, societal worth) more than previous generations. Social values (e.g., making friends) and intrinsic values (e.g., an interesting, results-oriented job) were rated lower by GenMe than by Boomers. These findings have practical implications for the recruitment and management of the emerging workforce.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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