Little is known about prolonged effect of baclofen on oesophageal and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) motility. We aimed at investigating the oesophageal motility in gastro‐oesophageal reflux ...disease (GORD) patients 24 h before and after the administration of multiple doses of baclofen. Twenty‐one GORD patients underwent a 48‐h manometry recording the swallows, the oesophageal and the LOS motility. During the second 24‐h period, patients received baclofen 10 mg or placebo four times per day in a double‐blind randomized fashion. Baclofen increased the LOS basal tone in comparison with baseline (P = 0.02), with a concomitant reduction in the number of transient LOS relaxations (TLOSRs) (P = 0.01). Moreover, baclofen induced a decrease of the swallows (P = 0.02) and of primary oesophageal body waves (P = 0.04) with no changes in the amplitude. Multiple doses of baclofen determine a reduction in the number of TLOSRs and an increase in the LOS tone throughout the 24 h. The concomitant decreased number of swallows and of primary peristalsis could depend on the well‐known lower amount of reflux episodes induced by the drug. The potential therapeutic effect of baclofen could be expressed not only postprandially, but also in the fasting state when reflux episodes are present as well.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Participants assigned to face-to-face (FTF), virtual, or no interaction condition.•Participants indicated basic social needs (BN) satisfaction and mood.•FTF and virtual interactions reduced negative ...mood compared to no interaction.•FTF interaction satisfied BN and positive mood more than other two conditions.
Humans are inherently social, requiring stable access to relationships and groups. Historically, such belonging was satisfied through face-to-face interactions. More recently, numerous technological developments have expanded the type and format of social interactions available to potentially satisfy social belonging. Of interest in the current research was whether computer-mediated communication (CMC) fulfills belongingness needs to the same extent as face-to-face interaction. Participants engaged in a virtual social interaction (Instant Messenger; IM) or a face-to-face interaction (FTF) with a same-sex peer, or completed a separately run control condition involving no social interaction. Participants then reported their basic belongingness needs satisfaction, their mood, and their enjoyment of the previous interaction (for participants in the virtual and face-to-face interaction conditions). The results indicated that participants in the FTF interaction condition reported greater basic social needs satisfaction and positive mood compared to both virtual interaction and no interaction condition participants; however both FTF and virtual interaction participants reported less negative mood compared to participants in the no interaction condition. Collectively, these results demonstrate although computer-mediated social interactions can benefit users (i.e., reduce negative mood), they do not have the same beneficial impact on increasing positive mood and satisfying social belongingness needs compared to FTF interactions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Social exclusion creates a powerful motivation for individuals to seek affiliation with others. Satisfying this affiliative motive would be facilitated by the ability to detect cues in others ...indicative of their own affiliative propensity. Given the association of extraverted personality with affiliative interest and social access, gravitating toward more extraverted others could serve to ensure satisfaction of one's own affiliation goals. Consistent with past research, we hypothesized that social exclusion (relative to social inclusion) would heighten preferences for faces that veridically connote extraversion. Results partially supported this primary hypothesis as socially excluded men upregulated their preferences for extraverted faces following an exclusionary experience, whereas no difference emerged for women's extraversion preferences based on inclusionary status. These findings suggest men favored the affiliative benefits of extraversion over its potential interpersonal costs following exclusion. Conversely, socially included men did not prefer extraverted faces, which could reflect greater wariness of dominant conspecifics, despite the potential gregariousness communicated in target faces, when such men's affiliative needs are adequately met. We frame these results using an evolutionary framework discussing how salient needs influence interpersonal preferences.
•Participants played Cyberball before indicating preferences in face pairs.•Faces were manipulated to communicate high and low levels of extraversion.•Socially included men did not prefer extraversion.•Women and excluded men preferred extraversion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
As concern over the use of questionable research practices (QRPs) in academic science has increased over the last couple of decades, some reforms have been implemented and many others have been ...debated and recommended. While many of these proposals have merit, efforts to improve scientific practices are more likely to succeed when they are responsive to the prevailing views and concerns of scientists themselves. To date, there have been few efforts to solicit wide-ranging input from researchers on the topic of needed reforms. This article is a qualitative report of responses from federally funded scientists to the question of what should be done to address the problem of QRPs in their disciplines. Overall, participants were concerned about how institutional and career-oriented incentives encourage the use of QRPs. Compared to previous recommendations, participants had surprisingly little confidence in the ability of ethics training to improve research integrity.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Selecting formidable male coalitions to navigate intergroup threats and resource acquisition evolved to enhance survival through group living, given men's enhanced ability to extract and protect ...resources through physical aggression. Though advantageous in certain contexts, formidable men can nonetheless inflict intragroup costs, suggesting preferences for this trait varies with resource availability in local ecologies. This study tasked participants (477 women, 140 men; MAge = 19.98, SD = 4.22) with building coalitions from arrays of physically strong and weak men to acquire resources in hopeful and desperate ecologies before assessing endorsement of several aspects of conservatism. Women high in social dominance orientation built more formidable coalitions in resource-abundant ecologies. Men's coalitional interests were unaffected by these factors. We frame results through evolved sex differences in coalition-building based on men and women's different formidability valuation thresholds while considering ancestral logic behind political ideology related to resource acquisition.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Social affiliation in humans is ubiquitous and adaptive, albeit bounded. For example, crowding is experienced as aversive, and fosters reticent behaviors to mitigate contact with potentially ...threatening conspecifics. Given the integral role of physical proximity in disease transmission, crowd salience could activate pathogen-avoidant motives in response to personal space violations from others. Three preliminary studies investigated how crowd salience heightens pathogen-avoidant motives and shapes interpersonal perceptions. Crowd salience heightened preferences for good genes cues (facial symmetry; Study 2), but not aversion to bad genes cues (obesity; Study 1). Crowd salience was additionally unrelated to anti-immigration attitudes (Study 3). Although crowd salience elicited no significant differences in pathogen-avoidant motives in Studies 1 and 2, it significantly heightened perceived infectability, but not germ aversion, in Study 3. Study 4 was a preregistered, high-powered replication and demonstrated crowd salience heightened both state levels of perceived infectability and germ aversion, necessitating consideration for subtlety in detecting state-level differences. We discuss potential bases for inconsistencies in the findings while offering recommendations for future research.
Public Significance Statement
With world populations increasing exponentially in recent years, high levels of population density may elicit greater disease threat and therefore motivate individuals to avoid sources of pathogens in their environment as an evolved response to this threat. Across four studies, we found mixed evidence for this hypothesis. Crowd salience heightened preferences for cues to good health, but not poor health or aversion to immigration. Further, although two studies found no significant differences in pathogen-avoidant motives following a crowding threat, crowd salience heightened such motives in a large sample. Results suggest that changes in pathogen-avoidant motives are especially subtle.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
The current study extends previous work on gendered workplace attitudes by manipulating the workplace gender composition (CEO gender, employee gender) of traditional male and female employment ...sectors. Participants reported general financial investment interest in purported male-role congruent (science laboratory) and female-role congruent (daycare) start-up companies, where CEO gender and employee gender were orthogonally manipulated. Participants had more favorable investment attitudes toward daycares when the CEO was a woman, and especially favorable investment attitudes when both the CEO and employees were women. These findings were stronger for participants higher in hostile sexism. For science laboratories, participants reported equivalent investment attitudes, regardless of CEO gender, as long as the employee gender composition matched the CEO gender (i.e., female CEO + female employees). These findings suggest that social role expectations influence investment attitudes in predictable ways for traditional female employment sectors, but in more nuanced ways for traditional male employment sectors.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Given disparities in the number and success of female relative to male‐led businesses, the current program of research tested whether gender‐based company cues, employment sector (Science, ...Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics STEM vs. non‐STEM) and CEO gender lead to disparities in willingness to invest in start‐up companies. Using both university (Study 1) and community samples from the United States (Study 2 A and 2B), we assessed intentions to invest in hypothetical STEM and non‐STEM companies led by male and female CEOs with equivalent qualifications. In Study 1, university participants viewed STEM companies more favorably when the CEO was a man and viewed non‐STEM companies more favorably when the CEO was a woman. Study 2 A additionally demonstrated that STEM companies are typified by agentic traits and non‐STEM companies by communal traits underlying many gender stereotypes. Although the community sample (Study 2B) did not differ in perceptions of male and female CEOs in STEM companies, perceived communality for women‐led non‐STEM companies and perceived agency for women‐led STEM companies elicited favorability. Demographic differences in the two samples may explain variation in results.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Replicating and extending previous findings, we report two high-powered studies exploring how heterosexual men and women’s decisions to change or keep their surnames following marriage influence ...perceptions of various marital outcomes as a function of perceivers’ sexist attitudes. Participants in Study 1 evaluated men and women who indicated keeping or changing their surname after marriage, along with an articulated reason for their decision, specifically either to disrupt or reinforce gender norms. Study 2 removed the reasoning of their choice. Independent of participant gender or whether decision reasoning was provided, both studies demonstrated that targets who violated gendered naming norms (e.g., female keepers and male changers) were perceived more negatively than those who adhered to these norms (e.g., male keepers and female changers), particularly for participants higher in hostile sexism. We frame these findings from complementary evolutionary and sociocultural perspectives.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Humor is considered a valuable trait when evaluating potential mates, and women demonstrate a preference for men's ability to produce humor. Humor displays as a male mating strategy appear ...context-dependent, which suggests that women's preferences for certain humor may be contingent on their mating goals. One dimension of humor variability that could approximate men's long- (LTM) or short-term (STM) mating goals is communication of humor that is categorically clean or dirty, respectively, which could influence the humorists' desirability to women. Such displays may differentially signal sexual receptivity. Two studies tasked women with indicating interest in men who generated either clean or dirty humor. Across both studies clean humor producers were preferred when evaluating both the long- and short-term desirability of men, although this preference was larger for LTM evaluations. Study 2 also demonstrated that sociosexually unrestricted women (i.e., those with more permissive sexual attitudes) self-reported greater behavioral attraction toward dirty humorists, a preference mediated by their perceptions of dirty jokes as funnier. Dirty humor production in men and appreciation in women may facilitate respective STM goals. Results of this research provide further evidence that the specific mating context determines the appropriateness of humor use when used as a relational display.
•Dirty jokes may potentially signal men's sexual receptivity.•Clean jokes may signal long-term mating desirability.•Women found clean humorists as better long- and short-term mates.•Women with sociosexually unrestricted attitudes prefer dirty humorists.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
