The "other-race effect" (ORE), or the finding that same-race faces are better recognized than other-race faces, is one of the best replicated phenomena in face recognition. The current article ...reviews existing evidence and theory and proposes a new theoretical framework for the ORE, which argues that the effect results from a confluence of social categorization, motivated individuation, and perceptual experience. This categorization-individuation model offers not only a parsimonious account of both classic and recent evidence for category-based biases in face recognition but also links the ORE to broader evidence and theory in social cognition and face perception. Finally, the categorization-individuation model makes a series of novel predictions for how the ORE can be exacerbated, attenuated, or even eliminated via perceptual and motivational processes, both by improving other-race recognition and by reducing same-race recognition. The authors propose that this new model for the ORE also leads to applied interventions that differ sharply from other theories of the ORE, while simultaneously providing an integrative theoretical framework for future research on the ORE. (Contains 4 footnotes.)
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
Eye gaze is often a signal of interest and, when noticed by others, leads to mutual and directional gaze. However, averting one’s eye gaze toward an individual has the potential to convey a strong ...interpersonal evaluation. The averting of eye gaze is the most frequently used nonverbal cue to indicate the silent treatment, a form of ostracism. The authors argue that eye gaze can signal the relational value felt toward another person. In three studies, participants visualized interacting with an individual displaying averted or direct eye gaze. Compared to receiving direct eye contact, participants receiving averted eye gaze felt ostracized, signaled by thwarted basic need satisfaction, reduced explicit and implicit self-esteem, lowered relational value, and increased temptations to act aggressively toward the interaction partner.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Complex regional pain syndrome type I is a pathological condition characterized by an exaggerated response of tissues to low or moderate pain stimuli. The exact pathogenesis and optimal medical ...treatment for complex regional pain syndrome type I are still not fully understood, although bisphosphonates have shown positive effects in reducing pain. Foot surgery can be complicated by the development of complex regional pain syndrome type I, leading to functional decline and difficulties in weight-bearing.
The authors present a clinical case involving complex regional pain syndrome type I that developed after surgical foot arthrodesis. The patient, a 42-year-old Caucasian male, did not respond to clodronate treatment but experienced successful outcomes upon the addition of teriparatide, which effectively stimulated the healing of arthrodesis.
Teriparatide cannot be considered the primary treatment for complex regional pain syndrome due to insufficient solid clinical data. However, when complex regional pain syndrome is associated with or caused by delayed union, teriparatide can be used to address the underlying cause of complex regional pain syndrome.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Individuals use facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) to infer men's formidability. We hypothesized that fWHR assessments would form a basis for men's coalitional value, with high-fWHR men being ...valuable in roles requiring physical strength. Five studies (N = 1323) tested how perceptions of formidability influence coalitional decisions. In addition to replicating previous findings indicating a preference for high-fWHR men in tasks requiring strength (Study 1), the formidability inference most associated with this high-fWHR preference was perceived strength and not aggressiveness (Studies 2a, 2b). Two pre-registered studies showed that activating competitive motivations increased preferences for high-fWHR allies (Study 3), though this preference appeared driven by a tolerance for high-fWHR men rather than an interest (Study 4). Findings provide evidence for how inferences of fWHR shape interpersonal preferences based on social contexts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
We assessed the clinical effectiveness of cefiderocol (CFDC) in comparison with colistin (COL) for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
(CRAB) bloodstream ...infections (BSI).
Materials/methods
Retrospective cohort study including adults with CRAB-BSI. Outcomes were mortality, clinical cure and adverse events during therapy. The average treatment effect of CFDC compared to COL was weighted with the inverse-probability treatment weight (IPTW).
Results
Overall, 104 patients were included (50 CFDC, 54 COL), median age 66.5 years, median Charlson Comorbidity Index 5, septic shock in 33.6% of patients. Primary BSI accounted for 43.3% of cases, followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (26%), catheter-related BSI (20.2%) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) (9.6%). Although not significantly, mortality at all time points was lower for CFDC than COL, while clinical cure was higher in CFDC than COL (66% vs. 44.4%,
p
= 0.027). Adverse events were more frequent in COL than CFDC-group (38.8% vs. 10%,
p
< 0.0001), primarily attributed to acute kidney injury (AKI) in the COL group. Patients with bacteremic HAP/VAP treated with CFDC had a significant lower 30-d mortality and higher clinical cure than COL (
p
= 0.008 and
p
= 0.0008, respectively). Increment of CCI (
p
= 0.005), ICU (
p
= 0.025), SARS-CoV2 (
p
= 0.006) and ECMO (
p
< 0.0001) were independently associated with 30-d mortality, while receiving CFDC was not associated with survival.
Conclusions
CFDC could represent an effective and safe treatment option for CRAB BSI, especially in patients with bacteremic HAP/VAP and frail patients where the risk of acute renal failure during therapy should be avoided.
Key summary points
Increasing real-life data support the clinical effectiveness and safety of cefiderocol (CFDC) for carbapenem resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
(CRAB) infections.
We investigated CFDC in comparison with colistin (COL) for the treatment of CRAB bloodstream infections (BSI).
Clinical cure was higher in CFDC than COL group.
Patients with hospital acquired/ventilator-associated pneumonia treated with CFDC had a statistically significant lower 30-d mortality and higher clinical cure than those treated with COL.
Adverse events were more frequent in COL than in CFDC-group.
CFDC could be an effective and safe treatment option for CRAB BSI, especially in patients with HAP/VAP and frail patients where the risk of acute renal failure during therapy should be avoided.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Given the increasing popularity of crowdsourced fundraisers, understanding how characteristics of funding initiatives and donors influence donations has critical real-world implications. Across two ...studies, we identified potential situational factors most conducive to successful crowdsourcing while also determining whether individual differences in various personality factors predicted differing levels of donation. Participants in Study 1 (MAge = 19.99; 309 women, 75 men) viewed descriptions that manipulated donation type (organizer donation, anonymous donation, no donation) and type of fundraiser (self-organized, other-organized), and reported their willingness to donate to an individual’s medical treatment and completed inventories assessing Big Five personality traits. In Study 2 participants (MAge = 20.22; 322 women, 102 men) viewed vignettes describing fundraisers for an individual’s vacation fun and completed inventories assessing participantslevels of narcissism using the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Higher agreeableness in men predicted heightened donation interest, regardless of type of cause, particularly when someone else has already donated (Study 1). Unexpectedly, narcissistic men and women both reported heightened donation interest (Study 2). We frame these findings through a framework assessing the adaptive utility of altruism as a function of personality in modern donation contexts.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Clinical characteristics and fosfomycin synergism of KPC-variants were investigated.•KPC-variant detection follows a previous CZA-susceptible KPC-Kp in the same patient.•Treatment with meropenem ...achieved clinical cure in all the patients.•Fosfomycin plus meropenem resulted in full synergism in 40% of cases.•FOS plus MEM may be an option for KPC-variant infections at low risk of mortality.
Little is known regarding outcomes and optimal therapeutic regimens of infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) and susceptible to meropenem (MEM). Although susceptible to MEM in vitro, the possibility of developing MEM resistance overtime is a concern. We describe the clinical characteristics of patients with colonization/infection due to KPC variants with a focus on the in vitro activity of fosfomycin (FOS)-containing combinations.
Patients with colonization/infection due to a KPC variant were included. Fosfomycin susceptibility was performed by agar dilution method. Synergistic activity of FOS-based combinations was evaluated by gradient strip-agar diffusion method. The emergence of in vitro MEM resistance was also tested.
Eleven patients were included: eight with infection four with ventilator-associated pneumonia and four with bloodstream infections and three with colonization. Previous therapy with CZA was administered to all patients (with a mean cumulative duration of 23 days). All subjects with infection received meropenem, in monotherapy (n = 4) or with amikacin (n = 2) or fosfomycin (n = 2), and achieved clinical cure. A new CZA-susceptible and MEM-resistant KPC-Kp strain was subsequently isolated in three patients (27.3%). Meropenem/vaborbactam (MVB) showed high in vitro activity, while FOS+MEM combination was synergistic in 40% of cases. In vitro resistance to MEM was observed with maintenance of CZA resistance.
Detection of KPC variants may occur within the same patient, especially if CZA has been previously administered. Although clinical success has been obtained with carbapenems, the emergence of MEM resistance is a concern. Fosfomycin plus meropenem is synergistic and may be a valuable combination option for KPC variants, while MVB may be considered in monotherapy. The detection of KPC variants in an endemic setting for KPC-Kp represents a worryingly emerging condition. The optimal therapeutic approach is still unknown and the development of meropenem resistance is of concern, which may lead to therapeutic failure in clinical practice. In these cases, the addition of fosfomycin to meropenem, or a more potent antibiotic, such as meropenem/vaborbactam, may be valuable therapeutic options.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Treatment with direct-acting antiviral drugs in interferon-free regimens is currently recommended for viral hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. There are limited data regarding its ...results in this population, and no optimal treatment scheme has yet been singled out.
We report our real-world results in liver transplant (LT) recipients. All patients were hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and completed a 12-week treatment course, followed 12 weeks later by HCV polymerase chain reaction testing with 12 IU/mL sensibility. Liver fibrosis was graded with the use of biopsies taken <12 months before treatment and stratified as early (0–1) or moderate to advanced (2–4) according to the Metavir score.
Median postoperative time was 5.2 years. Genotype 3 was found in 66.7% of the sample. The following regimens were prescribed: daclatasvir-sofosbuvir with (n = 11) or without (n = 28) ribavirin. Genotypes 1 and 3 were evenly distributed between the regimens. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was obtained in 24 out of 28 patients (85.7%) who received daclatasvir-sofosbuvir and in all patients (100%) who received daclatasvir-sofosbuvir-ribavirin (global SVR 89.7%). All patients that failed treatment had genotype 3 HCV. Fibrosis was evaluated in 79.5% of the sample: 48.4% had early and 51.6% had moderate to advanced fibrosis, for which ribavirin was more commonly prescribed (P = .001).
The SVR rate in our LT recipients was similar to that previously reported in the literature. The addition of ribavirin to DAA treatment appears to be justified in this population.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
9.
A preference for genuine smiles following social exclusion Bernstein, Michael J.; Sacco, Donald F.; Brown, Christina M. ...
Journal of experimental social psychology,
January 2010, 2010, 2010-1-00, 20100101, Volume:
46, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Research indicates that rejected individuals are better than others at discriminating between genuine (Duchenne) and deceptive (non-Duchenne) smiles (i.e., true versus false signals of affiliative ...opportunity). We hypothesized that rejected individuals would show a greater preference to work with individuals displaying Duchenne versus non-Duchenne smiles. To test this, participants wrote essays about experiences of inclusion, exclusion, or mundane events. They then saw a series of 20 videos of smiling individuals (10 with Duchenne and 10 with non-Duchenne smiles). Participants then indicated how much they would like to work with each target. Analyses revealed that compared to included and control participants, excluded individuals showed a greater preference to work with individuals displaying “real” as opposed to “fake” smiles. This effect was partially mediated by threats to “relational needs” (Williams, 2007) and fully mediated by threats to self-esteem. These results suggest that exclusion yields adaptive responses that could facilitate reconnection with others.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This article deals with the phase stability analysis of multicomponent systems via the determination of all the stationary points of the so-called tangent plane distance function, which is known as ...an important but difficult problem of the thermodynamics of phase equilibrium, where high nonlinearities are inherent aspects of the different thermodynamic models commonly used in the description of this distance function. To analyze phase stability described from different models, we combine three basic procedures here that were selected in order to attack points that we deem of relevant difficulty. To this end, we encapsulate in a single iterative algorithm the following steps: (i) polarization of a merit function associated with first-order stationary conditions of the phase stability problem, in order to avoid (or at least minimize) the repetition of stationary points previously calculated; (ii) a stochastic optimization method, which (at each iteration of the encapsulation algorithm) minimizes m times the same merit function polarized with the predetermined stationary points, using m different seeds for a reliable random number generator (where m is a given integer), in order to calculate new stationary points; (iii) a change of variables designed to allow the numerical method to work in the unconstrained optimization framework, providing the location of stationary points near the boundary of the original feasible set. Using the NRTL and UNIQUAC models for liquid–liquid equilibria at low pressures and the Soave–Redlich–Kwong and Peng–Robinson cubic equations of state for vapor–liquid equilibria at high pressures, we analyze 9 multicomponent systems studied in the literature, equipped with different feed compositions, totaling 32 tested mixtures, whose component numbers ranged between 3 and 12. We show 14 new stationary points obtained here that were not detected by methods previously used by other authors.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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