Climate change is leading to a disproportionately large warming in the high northern latitudes, but the magnitude and sign of the future carbon balance of the Arctic are highly uncertain. Using 40 ...terrestrial biosphere models for the Alaskan Arctic from four recent model intercomparison projects – NACP (North American Carbon Program) site and regional syntheses, TRENDY (Trends in net land atmosphere carbon exchanges), and WETCHIMP (Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project) – we provide a baseline of terrestrial carbon cycle uncertainty, defined as the multi-model standard deviation (σ) for each quantity that follows. Mean annual absolute uncertainty was largest for soil carbon (14.0 ± 9.2 kg C m−2), then gross primary production (GPP) (0.22 ± 0.50 kg C m−2 yr−1), ecosystem respiration (Re) (0.23 ± 0.38 kg C m−2 yr−1), net primary production (NPP) (0.14 ± 0.33 kg C m−2 yr−1), autotrophic respiration (Ra) (0.09 ± 0.20 kg C m−2 yr−1), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (0.14 ± 0.20 kg C m−2 yr−1), net ecosystem exchange (NEE) (−0.01 ± 0.19 kg C m−2 yr−1), and CH4 flux (2.52 ± 4.02 g CH4 m−2 yr−1). There were no consistent spatial patterns in the larger Alaskan Arctic and boreal regional carbon stocks and fluxes, with some models showing NEE for Alaska as a strong carbon sink, others as a strong carbon source, while still others as carbon neutral. Finally, AmeriFlux data are used at two sites in the Alaskan Arctic to evaluate the regional patterns; observed seasonal NEE was captured within multi-model uncertainty. This assessment of carbon cycle uncertainties may be used as a baseline for the improvement of experimental and modeling activities, as well as a reference for future trajectories in carbon cycling with climate change in the Alaskan Arctic and larger boreal region.
•CoFe2O4/Cr2O3 nanocomposite is studied for the possession of magnetoelectricity.•Magnetoelectricity is observed up to 340 K i.e., above TN of Cr2O3.•Weak room temperature ferromagnetism is observed ...for the nanocomposite.•Impedance and modulus analysis of the nanocomposite reveal single relaxation mechanism.
Cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 (CFO)/chromium oxide Cr2O3 (CR) nanocomposite is prepared by following the sol-gel autocombustion method in order to study its magnetoelectric (ME) properties. The presence of both the CFO (cubic) and CR (rhombohedral) phases is confirmed from the Rietveld refinement results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Field emission scanning electron micrograph (FESEM) display the homogeneous distribution of particles with the average particle sizes of ~50–300 nm. A small opening of hysteresis in the magnetization (M)-magnetic field (H) plot signifies the existence of weak ferromagnetism in the sample. The frequency dependence of impedance responses subjected to applied magnetic fields are well described by impedance based Havriliak-Negami expression and revealed the presence of single relaxation which is attributed to the grains response. The involvement of p-type polaronic relaxation is confirmed from the obtained value of activation energy ≈0.39 eV. More interestingly, the direct magnetoelectric measurement shows the existence of linear magnetoelectricity up to 340 K and therefore provide applications in various ME-based devices.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pharmacologic inhibition of LSD1 promotes blast cell differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with MLL translocations. The assumption has been that differentiation is induced through blockade ...of LSD1’s histone demethylase activity. However, we observed that rapid, extensive, drug-induced changes in transcription occurred without genome-wide accumulation of the histone modifications targeted for demethylation by LSD1 at sites of LSD1 binding and that a demethylase-defective mutant rescued LSD1 knockdown AML cells as efficiently as wild-type protein. Rather, LSD1 inhibitors disrupt the interaction of LSD1 and RCOR1 with the SNAG-domain transcription repressor GFI1, which is bound to a discrete set of enhancers located close to transcription factor genes that regulate myeloid differentiation. Physical separation of LSD1/RCOR1 from GFI1 is required for drug-induced differentiation. The consequent inactivation of GFI1 leads to increased enhancer histone acetylation within hours, which directly correlates with the upregulation of nearby subordinate genes.
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•Inhibitors of LSD1 target both scaffolding and enzymatic functions of the protein•GFI1/CoREST complex is targeted for disruption and release from chromatin•GFI1/CoREST disruption is required for leukemia cell differentiation•Loss of enhancer-bound GFI1/LSD1 activates nearby myeloid differentiation genes
Maiques-Diaz et al. report that, while LSD1 inhibitors target both scaffolding and enzymatic functions of the protein, drug-induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation is primarily due to the disruption and release from enhancers of GFI1/CoREST complexes, leading to the activation of subordinate myeloid transcription factor genes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To protect indigenous land and avoid the spread of deforestation in the Amazon, state and federal Brazilian agencies recognized several protected areas since the 1990s. However, the importance of ...these protected areas in the water cycle and the hydrologic connection with surrounding landscapes is little analyzed. In this study, we evaluated the role of preserved and deforested areas in the water balance in the Itacaiúnas River Basin using the MGB hydrological model. We estimated the impacts of land cover changes on evapotranspiration and discharge for four scenarios: Preserved (1984 land cover), Recent (2013 land cover, with 50% deforestation), Hypothetical deforestation of protected areas (70% deforestation) and complete deforestation of protected areas (79% deforestation). We showed that deforestation of the remaining preserved area could be responsible for a decrease of 23% (3.5 km³/year) in water transfer to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Furthermore, we showed that each 15% of deforestation occurring between the Preserved and Recent scenarios increased the average discharges by 5.4% (40 m³/s). Additionally, past land cover changes in the headwaters of the Itacaiúnas River Basin caused statistically significant changes in discharges inside the protected areas. This insight is considered important due to the association between increases in discharges and water quality issues. The results suggest that headwater areas of secondary drainages that run into the forested domains should be prioritized for reforestation programs. Likewise, the reforestation of nonprotected areas could be responsible for restoring ecosystem services, including hydrological functions, biodiversity and water quality.
•Hydrologic modeling of an important ungauged river basin of Amazon Biome affected by deforestation.•MGB hydrologic model was used to estimate discharges and evapotranspiration in Itacaiúnas River Basin.•Important feedbacks involving evapotranspiration and discharge processes are affected by land use/land cover changes.•Insights of the streamflow inside the protected areas covered by forests are affected by land cover changes.•Insights on the role of protected areas in the hydrological processes and connection with surrounding landscapes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this study, manganese substituted strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12−xMnxO19; x = 0, 3, 5, and 7) prepared by the sol–gel auto-combustion method are studied. We observed that the substituted Mn ...preferentially goes to the 2a and 12k sites of Fe. Raman modes related to the 12k site suggest the stiffening of the lattice. The transformation of the grain's shape from hexagonal (x = 0 and 3) to rhombohedral (x = 7) was observed, as shown in the micrographs obtained from FESEM. The thermomagnetic curves show the shift of TC to lower temperatures with the increase in the Mn content. From x = 5 onwards, the growth of another magnetic phase (FiM2) of lower coercivity apart from the parent phase (FiM1) of higher coercivity is seen. The FiM2 phase was found to increase with the Mn content in the sample (16.4(3)% for x = 5 but 66.2(5)% for x = 7). Although the magnetization for both FiM1 and FiM2 decreases with the increase in temperature, both magnetic phases behave in contrast to each other for x = 5 and x = 7. The study suggests a transformation of the compound from high magnetic anisotropy (x = 0) to low magnetic anisotropy (x = 7). The x = 5 composition sample displays the highest value of the first-order ME coefficient (0.83(2) mV × cm−1 × Oe−1). The observed value for x = 5 composition is ∼2.5 times higher than that of the parent x = 0 composition sample (0.33(2) mV × cm−1 × Oe−1). The studies thus suggest that the x = 5 composition is one of the viable candidates for magnetoelectric applications.
Concentration of uranium was determined in aquatic plants and substrate (sediment or water) of fresh water ecosystem on and around uranium mill tailings pond at Jaduguda, India. Aquatic ...plant/substrate concentration ratios (CRs) of uranium were estimated for different sites on and around the uranium mill tailings disposal area. These sites include upstream and downstream side of surface water sources carrying the treated tailings effluent, a small pond inside tailings disposal area and residual water of this area. Three types of plant groups were investigated namely algae (filamentous and non-filamentous), other free floating & water submerged and sediment rooted plants. Wide variability in concentration ratio was observed for different groups of plants studied. The filamentous algae uranium concentration was significantly correlated with that of water (r=0.86, p<0.003). For sediment rooted plants significant correlation was found between uranium concentration in plant and the substrate (r=0.88, p<0.001). Both for other free floating species and sediment rooted plants, uranium concentration was significantly correlated with Mn, Fe, and Ni concentration of plants (p<0.01). Filamentous algae, Jussiaea and Pistia owing to their high bioproductivity, biomass, uranium accumulation and concentration ratio can be useful for prospecting phytoremediation of stream carrying treated or untreated uranium mill tailings effluent.
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•Uranium mill tailings pond.•Jaduguda, India.•Fresh water plants.•Uranium uptake.•Relationship of uranium with stable elements
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Owing to the relationship between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and physiological and pathological conditions, the interest in EVs is exponentially growing. EVs hold high hopes for novel diagnostic ...and translational discoveries. This review provides an expert-based update of recent advances in the methods to study EVs and summarizes currently accepted considerations and recommendations from sample collection to isolation, detection, and characterization of EVs. Common misconceptions and methodological pitfalls are highlighted. Although EVs are found in all body fluids, in this review, we will focus on EVs from human blood, not only our most complex but also the most interesting body fluid for cardiovascular research.
In this study, manganese substituted strontium hexaferrite (SrFe
Mn
O
;
= 0, 3, 5, and 7) prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method are studied. We observed that the substituted Mn ...preferentially goes to the 2a and 12k sites of Fe. Raman modes related to the 12k site suggest the stiffening of the lattice. The transformation of the grain's shape from hexagonal (
= 0 and 3) to rhombohedral (
= 7) was observed, as shown in the micrographs obtained from FESEM. The thermomagnetic curves show the shift of
to lower temperatures with the increase in the Mn content. From
= 5 onwards, the growth of another magnetic phase (FiM2) of lower coercivity apart from the parent phase (FiM1) of higher coercivity is seen. The FiM2 phase was found to increase with the Mn content in the sample (16.4(3)% for
= 5 but 66.2(5)% for
= 7). Although the magnetization for both FiM1 and FiM2 decreases with the increase in temperature, both magnetic phases behave in contrast to each other for
= 5 and
= 7. The study suggests a transformation of the compound from high magnetic anisotropy (
= 0) to low magnetic anisotropy (
= 7). The
= 5 composition sample displays the highest value of the first-order ME coefficient (0.83(2) mV × cm
× Oe
). The observed value for
= 5 composition is ∼2.5 times higher than that of the parent
= 0 composition sample (0.33(2) mV × cm
× Oe
). The studies thus suggest that the
= 5 composition is one of the viable candidates for magnetoelectric applications.
A very handy setup is developed for the measurement of magnetoelectric (ME) voltage as a function of magnetic field and temperature. Using this setup, first and second order ME coupling coefficients ...of parent and cobalt substituted BiFeO3 are obtained. Study of these ME coefficients suggests involvement of magnetic disorder can enhance the ME couplings by many folds. In the intrinsic region a nearly same value of the first order coefficient for all the three samples are found. The behavior of higher order coefficient shows that parent BiFeO3 is of mono-glassy character whereas indications of multiglass nature is seen in the cobalt substituted BiFeO3. This study suggests that, a very light substitution of Cobalt at the Fe site may leave the first order coefficients unperturbed but may initiate multiglassiness in the sample, which is highly desirable for enhancing the magnetoelectricity.
•Magnetoelectric (ME) measurement setup is made that can operate within 125 K–400 K.•Magnetic field dependent ME voltage is measured for BiFe(1−x)CoxO3 (x = 0,0.01,0.02).•Temperature dependent 1st and 2nd order ME coefficient is measured for all samples.•Involvement of magnetic disorder in temperature dependent ME coefficient is found.
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