We report results from a test particle simulation to reveal that electron scattering driven by lower band whistler chorus waves propagating along a magnetic field line plays an important role to ...produce the butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons. The results show that two nonlinear scattering processes, which are the phase trapping and the dislocation process, contribute to the formation of the butterfly distribution within a minute. We confirm that the quasilinear diffusion estimated from the whistler chorus waves are too slow to reproduce the butterfly distribution within a minute. The simulation results also show that there is the upper limit of rapid electron acceleration. We expect that the upper limit of the rapid flux enhancement is an evidence that the phase trapping process contributes to relativistic electron acceleration in the heart of the outer radiation belt.
Plain Language Summary
Radiation belt electrons have various pitch angle distributions in response to global/local processes arising in the magnetosphere. Butterfly pitch angle distribution is a characteristic feature of the electron pitch angle distribution, which has the maximum flux intensity at a pitch angle lower than 90°. Wave‐particle interactions have been proposed as a driver for the butterfly distribution in the heart of the radiation belt. However, it is in debate how the wave‐particle interactions contribute to the formation of the butterfly distribution of multi‐megaelectron (MeV) volt electrons that is “killer electrons.” In this Letter, we report that lower band whistler chorus waves play an important role for the electron butterfly distribution at MeV energies. A numerical simulation was carried out and showed that electrons nonlinearly scattered by the whistler chorus waves produce the butterfly distribution at MeV energies. The simulation also showed the upper limit of the rapid electron acceleration in the formation of the butterfly distribution. The simulation results advance our understanding of a formation mechanism of MeV electron butterfly distribution driven by whistler chorus waves.
Key Points
A test particle simulation of electron scattering induced by lower band whistler chorus waves along a magnetic field line is carried out
The electron scattering with nonlinear properties produces butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons within a minute
The upper limit of electron acceleration for the butterfly distribution appears due to the upper limit of the nonlinear scattering
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an emerging postharvest disease affecting stored mandarin fruit in California. To develop effective control programs, fungicide sensitivities to four citrus ...postharvest fungicides were determined. One hundred B. cinerea isolates each in 2015 and 2016 were obtained from decayed fruit collected within packinghouses and tested for resistance to the fungicides. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin was examined based on the point mutation in the cyt b gene using PCR, while resistance to fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole was examined on fungicide-amended media. For azoxystrobin, 83 and 98% of the isolates were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. For pyrimethanil, 71 and 93% were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. For thiabendazole, 63 and 68% were resistant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. No fludioxonil resistance was detected in both years. Five fungicide-resistant phenotypes were detected, and the most common phenotype was triple resistance to azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole, accounting for 59 and 65% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 200 B. cinerea isolates, 5, 23.5, and 62% were resistant to one, two, or three classes of fungicides, respectively. Inoculation tests were conducted to evaluate if the fungicides at label rates controlled various resistant phenotypes on fruit. Most fungicides failed to control gray mold on mandarin fruit inoculated with the respective fungicide resistant phenotypes. Our results suggest that alternative control methods need to be integrated into existing decay control programs to target this emerging disease on mandarin fruit.
The anisotropic galaxy clustering on large scales provides us with a unique opportunity to probe into the gravity theory through the redshift-space distortions (RSDs) and the Alcock-Paczynski effect. ...Using the multipole power spectra up to hexadecapole ( = 4), of the luminous red galaxy (LRG) sample in the Data Release 7 (DR7) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS-II), we obtain simultaneous constraints on the linear growth rate f, angular diameter distance D
A, and Hubble parameter H at redshift z = 0.3. For this purpose, we first extensively examine the validity of a theoretical model for the non-linear RSDs using mock subhalo catalogues from N-body simulations, which are constructed to match with the observed multipole power spectra. We show that the input cosmological parameters of the simulations can be recovered well within the error bars by comparing the multipole power spectra of our theoretical model and those of the mock subhalo catalogues. We also carefully examine systematic uncertainties in our analysis by testing the dependence on prior assumption of the theoretical model and the range of wavenumbers to be used in the fitting. These investigations validate that the theoretical model can be safely applied to the real data. Thus, our results from the SDSS DR7 LRG sample are robust including systematics of theoretical modelling; f(z = 0.3)σ8(z = 0.3) = 0.49 ± stat.0.08 ± sys.0.04, D
A(z = 0.3) = 968 ± stat.42 ± sys.17 (Mpc), H(z = 0.3) = 81.7 ± stat.5.0 ± sys.3.7 (km s−1 Mpc−1). We believe that our method to constrain the cosmological parameters using subhaloes catalogues will be useful for more refined samples like CMASS and LOWZ catalogues in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey in SDSS-III.
The metastable <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-Fe 16 N 2 is considered to be a candidate for rare earth-free semi-hard magnetic ...materials. However, it is necessary to improve the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-Fe 16 N 2 to obtain higher coercivity, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">H_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula>. Many theoretical calculations and thin-film experiments have been performed by the substitution of Fe with elements such as Co, Ni, Mn, and Al. For example, Co is suggested to increase the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The nitridation of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-Fe nanoparticles produced by the reduction of an iron hydroxide such as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-FeOOH is well known as one method for the synthesis of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-Fe 16 N 2 nanoparticles. We have previously reported the influence of Co or Al substitution for Fe by the synthesis of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-(Fe, Co) 16 N 2 or <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-(Fe, Al) 16 N 2 nanoparticles, and revealed that Co substitution results in very narrow limits of the temperature regions for reduction and nitridation, while Al substitution results in wider temperature regions. Here, we attempt the synthesis of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha ^{\prime \prime } </tex-math></inline-formula>-(Fe 0.95 Co 0.02 Al 0.03 ) 16 N 2 nanoparticles by hydrogen reduction of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-(Fe 0.95 Co 0.02 Al 0.03 )OOH as a starting material and subsequent nitridation to investigate the complex effect of Fe substitution by Co and Al.
We report on experimentally measured light shifts of superconducting flux qubits deep-strongly coupled to LC oscillators, where the coupling constants are comparable to the qubit and oscillator ...resonance frequencies. By using two-tone spectroscopy, the energies of the six lowest levels of each circuit are determined. We find huge Lamb shifts that exceed 90% of the bare qubit frequencies and inversions of the qubits' ground and excited states when there are a finite number of photons in the oscillator. Our experimental results agree with theoretical predictions based on the quantum Rabi model.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
We demonstrated a bi-directional, Er-doped dual comb fiber laser consisting of all-polarization-maintaining fiber devices. Polyimide films in which single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were dispersed ...were used as the in-line saturable absorber. In order to avoid synchronization of the two combs and associated damage to the SWNT film, a two-branch configuration with two SWNT films was employed. Soliton pulses with almost the same optical spectra were generated stably in each direction, and dual comb beats were observed simply by overlapping the two outputs. The repetition frequency was 28 MHz, and the frequency difference was 105-140 Hz. Thanks to the small frequency difference, dual comb beats corresponding to the whole optical spectrum were observed without any overlapping. Fourier transform spectroscopy using the developed dual comb source was examined, and the characteristics of an optical filter were successfully obtained.
Abstract Autophagy, a process for cellular cleaning through the removal of intracellular components in lysosomes, is a well conserved mechanism from yeast to mammalian cells, and also contributes to ...the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and of the energetic balance, in cellular and tissue remodeling, and cellular defense against extracellular insults and pathogens. The role of autophagy in placentation has been clarified. Autophagy is induced in trophoblasts under physiological hypoxia during early pregnancy and seems to have a role in placentation. Recent findings suggest that impaired autophagy might induce poor placentation in preeclamptic cases. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and summarize the role of autophagy-related genes in placentas.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of this study was to establish safety and efficacy of a new sirolimus-eluting stent with bioresorbable polymer, Ultimaster (BP-SES). Sirolimus-eluting stent with bioresorbable polymer was ...compared with everolimus-eluting, permanent polymer, Xience stent (PP-EES) in the frame of a CENTURY II clinical trial designed to make global clinical data compliant with regulatory requirements in Europe and Japan.
The CENTURY II is a prospective, multicentre, randomized (1 : 1), single blind, controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial conducted at 58 study sites in Japan, Europe, and Korea. A total of 1123 patients requiring a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure, with implantation of drug-eluting stent (DES), were enrolled total population (TP). Randomization of patients was stratified for the subset of patients matching requirements for DES in Japan (Cohort JR, n = 722). Baseline patient demographic and angiographic characteristics were similar in both study arms, with minimal differences between the TP and Cohort JR. The primary endpoint, freedom from target lesion failure (TLF) at 9 months-TLF composite of cardiac death, target-vessel-related myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization-was 95.6% with BP-SES and 95.1% with PP-EES (Pnon-inferiority<0.0001). Composite of cardiac death and MI rate was 2.9 and 3.8% (P = 0.40) and target vessel revascularization was 4.5% with BP-SES and 4.2% with PP-EES (P = 0.77). The stent thrombosis rate was 0.9% in both arms. In Cohort JR, freedom from TLF was 95.9 and 94.6% (Pnon-inferiority < 0.0005) with BP-SES and PP-EES, respectively.
The new bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent showed safety and efficacy profiles similar to durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent at 9-month follow-up.
UMIN000006940.
Post COVID-19 condition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 Morioka, S.; Tsuzuki, S.; Suzuki, M. ...
Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy,
11/2022, Volume:
28, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
To investigate the prevalence of post coronavirus disease (COVID-19) condition of the Omicron variant in comparison to other strains.
A single-center cross-sectional study.
Patients who recovered ...from Omicron COVID-19 infection (Omicron group) were interviewed via telephone, and patients infected with other strains (control group) were surveyed via a self-reporting questionnaire. Data on patients’ characteristics, information regarding the acute-phase COVID-19, as well as presence and duration of COVID-19-related symptoms were obtained. Post COVID-19 condition in this study was defined as a symptom that lasted for at least 2 months, within 3 months of COVID-19 onset. We investigated and compared the prevalence of post COVID-19 condition in both groups after performing propensity score matching.
We conducted interviews for 53 out of 128 patients with Omicron and obtained 502 responses in the control group. After matching cases with controls, 18 patients from both groups had improved covariate balance of the factors: older adult, female sex, obesity, and vaccination status. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of each post COVID-19 condition between the two groups. The number of patients with at least one post COVID-19 condition in the Omicron and control groups were 1 (5.6%) and 10 (55.6%) (p = 0.003), respectively.
The prevalence of post Omicron COVID-19 conditions was less than that of the other strains. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to investigate the precise epidemiology of post COVID-19 condition of Omicron, and its impact on health-related quality of life and social productivity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Metastable α"-Fe 16 N 2 is considered to be a good candidate as a semi-hard magnetic material with high saturation magnetization. To obtain a higher coercivity H c , it is necessary to improve the ...magnetocrystalline anisotropy of α"-Fe 16 N 2 . For this purpose, many theoretical calculations based on substitution of Fe with other elements (i.e., Co, Ni, Mn, Al) have been performed. In this study, to investigate the effect of substitution of Fe by other elements M (M = Al, V, Cr, Mn, Ni), the synthesis of the α"-(Fe 0.95 M 0.05 ) 16 N 2 nanoparticles by reduction of α-(Fe 0.95 M 0.05 )OOH as the starting material and subsequent nitridation was undertaken. The α-(Fe 0.95 Al 0.05 )OOH nanoparticles used as the starting material were spherical in shape and the particle size was significantly smaller than that for α-FeOOH and that for α-Fe 0.95 Al 0.05 obtained by reduction, which was about 25 nm. The α"-(Fe 0.95 M 0.05 ) 16 N 2 nanoparticles appeared only for M = Al and V. The result suggested that the experimental conditions whereby α"-(Fe 0.95 M 0.05 ) 16 N 2 was produced were controlled by the crystallite diameter (Dc) for the α-Fe 0.95 M 0.05 nanoparticles which was <; 50 nm before nitridation irrespective of the nature of element M. This finding is critical for preparing materials like α"-(Fe,M) 16 N 2 where the nitrogen atoms are introduced at the interstitial site and where the distorted crystal structure is controlled by the limitation of the crystallite diameter for α-(Fe,M) as the precursor. Al was effective in preventing sintering during reduction, which led to a small Dc value being obtained. The highest Hc value for the α"-(Fe 0.95 Al 0.05 ) 16 N 2 nanoparticles was 2200 Oe for reduction at 450 °C for 4 h and subsequent nitridation at 160 °C for 20 h.
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