•Studied and quantified the impact of mobility on COVID-19 spread.•Supported with empirical data from Tehran.•Performed time series analysis with public transit use and inter-city trips ...data.•Investigated the impact of major events and holidays on virus spread.•Discussed policy implications related to mobility for pandemic control.
In this paper, we investigate the impact of mobility on the spread of COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran. We have performed a time series analysis between the indicators of public transit use and inter-city trips on the number of infected people. Our results showed a significant relationship between the number of infected people and mobility variables with both short-term and long-term lags. The long-term effect of mobility showed to have a consistent lag correlation with the weekly number of new COVID-19 positive cases. In our statistical analysis, we also investigated key non-transportation variables. For instance, the mandatory use of masks in public transit resulted in observing a 10% decrease in the number of infected people. In addition, the results confirmed that super-spreading events had significant increases in the number of positive cases. We have also assessed the impact of major events and holidays throughout the study period and analyzed the impacts of mobility patterns in those situations. Our analysis shows that holidays without inter-city travel bans have been associated with a 27% increase in the number of weekly positive cases. As such, while holidays decrease transit usage, it can overall negatively affect spread control if proper control measures are not put in place. The result and discussions in this paper can help authorities understand the effects of different strategies and protocols with a pandemic control and choose the most beneficial ones.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Sinoventricular rhythm (SVR, atrial standstill or silent atrium) is the rare cardiac dysrhythmia which may cause no clinical sign in domestic animals. To the best knowledge of the authors of this ...case report, there is no previous report regarding the SVR with theileriosis in a dromedary camel. A 7-year-old non-pregnant female camel (
Camelus dromedarius
) was referred to the author’s camel specialized clinic with a 2-day history of inappetence, drowsiness, staggering, neck swaying, snoring, nystagmus, tremors, muscular asthenia, and lateral recumbency. Clinical examination revealed hyperemic/icteric mucous membranes with decreases in rectal temperature (32.7 °C) but increase in respiratory rate (39 breaths min
−1
). In cardiovascular examination, the clinician detected no abnormalities in the heart sound and rhythm. Then, electrocardiography (ECG) indicated complete silence (flattening) of the P waves, presence of the subsequent QRS and T waves, QRS in followed by silent P waves in regular pattern, prolongation of QRS complexes, elevation of ST segments, and tall peaked T waves which approved SVR presence. At the time of the case referral, serum values of potassium, phosphorous, lactate dehydrogenase, cardiac troponin I, hemocysteine, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin were more than the reference ranges, significantly (
P
< 0.05), while 2 days after treatment initiation, their concentrations were within normal ranges. Based on the laboratory examination confirmed theileriosis and ECG recording approved the presence of SVR. Several factors mainly hyperkalemia has been implicated as the underlying reasons of SVR in domestic animals. Hemolysis which occurs following theileriosis is one of the common reasons of hyperkalemia. In SVR, despite ventricles, atriums could not depolarize due to higher sensitivity to hyperkalemia. This case report presented the SVR incidence with theileriosis in a dromedary camel.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia is known to cause male infertility. This study was designed to explore the effects of bacterial LPS on histomorphometric changes of mice testicular ...tissues.
In experiment 1, a pilot dose responsive study was performed with mice that were divided into five groups, receiving 36000, 18000, 9000, and 6750 µg/kg body weight (B.W) of LPS or only saline (control). White blood cells (WBC) were observed for 3 days after LPS inoculation. In experiment 2, two groups of mice were treated with 6750 µg/kg B.W of LPS or only saline (control). Five cases from each experimental group were sacrificed at 3, 30, and 60 days after LPS inoculation. Left testes were fixed in Bouin's solution, and stained for morphometrical assays.
Time-course changes of WBC obtained from different doses of LPS-treated mice showed that inoculation of 6750 µg/kg B.W produced a reversible endotoxemia that lasts for 72 hr and so it was used in the second experiment. In experiment 2, during the first 3 days, no significant changes were observed in the evaluated parameters instead of seminiferous tubules diameter. Spermatogenesis, Johnsen's score, meiotic index, and epithelial height were significantly affected at 30
day. However, complete recovery was only observed for the spermatogenesis at day 60. Interestingly, deleterious effects of LPS on spermatogonia were only seen at 60
day (
<0.05).
Endotoxemia induced by LPS has long-term detrimental effects on spermatogonia and later stage germ cells, which are reversible at the next spermatogenic cycle.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The intravenous (IV) usage of diuretic agents such as furosemide may cause changes in clinical signs, electrocardiographic (ECG) indices and serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, ...phosphorus and magnesium) concentrations in dromedary calves. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, ECG and biochemical effects of two‐dose IV administration of furosemide in dromedary calves. A total of 21 clinically healthy male dromedary calves with the age of 5 (± 1) months and weight of 95 (± 5) kg were studied. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of control (normal saline), low‐dose furosemide (2.5 mg/kg) and high‐dose furosemide (5 mg/kg). Two IV injections with 12‐hr intervals were administered in all animals. The clinical and ECG parameters were measured at 0 (baseline), 2 (T2), 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) hours after drug administration. Serum concentrations of electrolytes were measured at T0, T24 and T48 hr. The results of this study showed no changes in clinical parameters (heart rate, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and Unruminal motility), ECG indices and also no significant changes in serum electrolytes levels. Under conditions with free access to fresh water, two‐dose IV injection of furosemide (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) could be administered in healthy dromedary calves.
The results of this study showed no changes in clinical parameters (heart rate, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and ruminal motility), ECG indices and also no significant changes in serum electrolytes levels. Two‐dose IV injection of furosemide (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) could be administered in healthy dromedary calves.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
One of the best and important unit in oil refineries is Hydrocracking unit. In this study, one of specific type of decision called the conditional contract arrangement, is used to extract the ...relevant knowledge in Hydrocracking Units (ISOMAX) for 3 factors: The conditional of feed (temperature, pressure and density), pH in separator drum, H2S in recycle gas (centrifugal compressor). This paper aims to optimize some conditions to eliminate corrosion in ISOMX unit. After analyzing all of stage to the above mentioned (data for separator vessel), according to the obtained results, the best range of feed is: density is less than 0.81 kg/m3, temperature is less than 65 °C and pressure is less than 1.9 bar. Also pH in separator is more than 7.3 and H2S in recycle gas, centrifugal compressor, is less than 10000 ppm. The results also show how this findings can be used to gain insight into some petrochemicals and refineries to deliver results in a comprehensible and user-friendly way.
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According to the obtained results:➢Temperature ≤ 65 °C, Pressure ≤ 1.9 bar, Density ≤ 0.81 kg/m3,➢H2S ≤ 10000 ppm,➢pH ≥ 7.3,➢Probability is approximately 98% and Population of the bin 1%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Although aberrant protamine (PRM) ratios have been observed in infertile men, the mechanisms that implicit the uncoupling of PRM1 and PRM2 expression remain unclear. To uncover these mechanisms, in ...this observational study we have compared the PRM1/PRM2 mRNA ratio and mRNA contents of two regulatory factors of these genes.
In this experimental study, sampling was performed by a multi-step method from 50 non-obstructive azoospermic and 12 normal men. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT- QPCR) was used to analyze the PRM1, PRM2, Y box binding protein 2 (YBX2) and JmjC-containing histone demethylase 2a (JHDM2A) genes in testicular biopsies of the studied samples.
The PRM1/PRM2 mRNA ratio differed significantly among studied groups, namely 0.21 ± 0.13 in azoospermic samples and -0.8 ± 0.22 in fertile samples. The amount of PRM2 mRNA, significantly reduced in azoospermic patients. Azoospermic men exhibited significant under expression of YBX2 gene compared to controls (P<0.001). mRNA content of this gene showed a positive correlation with PRM mRNA ratio (R=0.6, P=0.007). JHDM2A gene expression ratio did not show any significant difference between the studied groups (P=0.3). We also observed no correlation between JHDM2A mRNA content and the PRM mRNA ratio (R=0.2, P=0.3).
We found significant correlation between the aberrant PRM ratio (PRM2 under expression) and lower YBX2 mRNA content in testicular biopsies of azoospermic men compared to controls, which suggested that downregulation of the YBX2 gene might be involved in PRM2 under expression. These molecules could be useful biomarkers for predicting male infertility.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
The use of combinations of α2‐adrenergic agonists and opioids has been published as providing superior sedation than either drug alone.
Introduction
The present study aims to compare the ...sedative and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) administration of medetomidine alone and in combination with methadone, morphine, tramadol, and pethidine in goats.
Methods
Ten healthy goats aged 12 ± 3 months and weight of 22 ± 4 kg were used in an experimental, crossover (Latin square), randomized, and blinded study. The animals were assigned to five IV treatments with a minimum washout period of 8 days between treatments: medetomidine (20 μg kg−1), medetomidine/methadone (0.5 mg kg−1), medetomidine/morphine (0.5 mg kg−1), medetomidine/tramadol (5 mg kg−1), and medetomidine/pethidine (1 mg kg−1).
Results
Clinical adverse effects such as tremors (facial and generalized), bruxism, nystagmus, mydriasis, and vocalization were presented in all the medetomidine/opioid treatments. Clinical adverse effects were observed at 10–90 minutes in medetomidine/opioid treatments. Animals in all treatments were sedated at 5–90 minutes. Sedation was significantly higher in medetomidine/opioid treatments than in medetomidine at 15–30 minutes after administration (P < 0.05). In all treatments, heart rate and respiratory rate significantly decreased from baseline at 5–105 and 30–60 minutes, respectively. There was no significant difference in heart and respiratory rates between different treatments at any time point. Ruminal motility was decreased in medetomidine and medetomidine/opioid treatments at 10–75 and 10–105 minutes, respectively. Compared with medetomidine, ruminal motility was significantly lower in medetomidine/opioid treatments at 75–105 minutes.
Conclusion
The use of combinations of medetomidine/opioids would be considered for superior sedation at 15–30 minutes after administration in goats. No significant differences were detected among opioids in combination with medetomidine in goats.
The use of combinations of medetomidine/opioids would be considered for superior sedation at 1530 minutes after administration in goats. No significant differences were detected among opioids in combination with medetomidine in goat.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Animal model studies have shown that MSY2 and JHDM2A genes have an important role in spermatogenesis process and fertility of male mice. But the potential role of these genes in human spermatogenesis ...and fertility is not known yet. Therefore, we evaluated expression ratios of these genes in testis tissues of men with normal and impaired spermatogenesis.
In this experimental study, after RNA extraction and cDNA syn- thesis from 50 non-obstructive azoospermic and 12 normal testis tissues, the expression ratios of genes were evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Hematoxcylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used for histological classification of testis tissues. For statistical analysis, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was carried out.
Our results showed a significant reduction in mRNA level of YBX2 in samples with impaired spermatogenesis (p<0.001) compared to samples with qualitatively normal spermatogenesis and normal spermatogenesis; however, in JHDM2A gene, despite sensible reduction in gene expression level in men with impaired spermatogenesis, no significant differences were shown (p>0.05). Furthermore in YBX2, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the efficiency score of spermatogenesis and the threshold cycle (CT) (r=-0.7, p<0.0001), whereas in JHDM2A, this negative correlation was not significant (r=-0.4, p=0.06).
Generally, these data indicated that YBX2 and JHDM2A genes may play an important role in male infertility, and suggested that these molecules can act as useful biomarkers for predicting male infertility.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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