This study was performed to evaluate the effect of starvation and transportation on hematological parameters and serum concentrations of galanin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and ...LDL-cholesterol in goats. On the first day, first and second blood samples from ten Cashmere (Raini) goats (5 males and 5 non-lactating and non-pregnant females) were prepared before food and water deprivation at 8:00 a.m. (T1) and 3 h after food and water deprivation (T2) at 11:00 a.m., respectively. On the second day, third and fourth blood samples were collected before transportation at 8:00 a.m. (T3) and 3 h after transportation (T4) at 11:00 a.m., respectively. Final blood samples were taken 24 h after arrival (T5). No significant difference was found between the male and female goats in the measured serum parameters, except galanin. Serum concentration of galanin showed a significant increment due to the starvation followed by a decrement in males and an increment in females. Food and water deprivation caused a significant increment in neutrophil and band cell counts besides a significant decrement in lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. Transport stress caused a significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts as well as a significant increment in neutrophils and band cells counts. It seems that besides interspecies difference, the condition of transportation was the main cause for the controversial findings about its effects on physiology and health of animals.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Many α2‐agonists are commonly used for sedation and analgesia in ruminants.
Introduction
The present study aims to compare the sedative and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) ...administration of xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
Methods
Ten healthy goats aged 6 ± 1 months and weighing 15 ± 2 kg were used in experimental, crossover Latin square, randomised and blinded study. Animals were assigned to five IV treatments: control (normal saline); xylazine (100 μg kg−1); detomidine (50 μg kg−1); medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1). The degree of sedation was investigated using a numerical ranking scale of 0–10. Sedation scores were compared at each time using nonparametric (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U) tests.
Results
Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), ruminal motility and capillary refill time (CRT) were performed before (baseline) and after drug administration. Animals in α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments were sedated at 5–60 min. There were no significant differences among α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments at 5–60 min in sedation scores. HR significantly decreased from baseline 5–90 min after α2‐adrenergic agonists’ administration. Ruminal motility was decreased in α2‐adrenergic agonist treatments at 5, 90 and 120 min and absent at 10–60 min. A significant decrease from baseline in RR was detected between 30 and 90 min after α2‐adrenergic agonists’ administration. RT was unchanged in any treatment for 120 min. CRT was less than 2 s at all time points following each treatment.
Conclusions
The duration of sedation was up to 60 min after IV administration of xylazine (100 μg kg−1), detomidine (50 μg kg−1), medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1) in goats in this study. No significant differences were detected between xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
The duration of sedation was up to 60 minutes after IV administration of xylazine (100 μg kg−1), detomidine (50 μg kg−1), medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1) in goats. No significant differences were detected between xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in goats.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•This study investigated the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes occurred in Iran.•This study highlighted the contextual differences in the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes.•This study ...used a random thresholds random parameters hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model.•According to the results, several safety countermeasures are proposed to mitigate the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes.
Trucking plays a vital role in economic development in every country, especially countries where it serves as the backbone of the economy. The fast growth of economy in Iran as a developing country has also been accompanied by an alarming situation in terms of fatalities in truck-involved crashes, among the drivers and passengers of the trucks as well as the other vehicles involved. Despite the sizable efforts to investigate the truck-involved crashes, very little is known about the safety of truck movements in developing countries, and about the single-truck crashes worldwide. Thus, this study aims to uncover significant factors associated with injury severities sustained by truck drivers in single-vehicle truck crashes in Iran. The explanatory factors tested in the models include the characteristics of drivers, vehicles, and roadways. A random threshold random parameters hierarchical ordered probit model is utilized to consider heterogeneity across observations. Several variables turned out to be significant in the model, including driver’s education, advanced braking system deployment, presence of curves on roadways, and high speed-limit. Using those results, we propose safety countermeasures in three categories of 1) educational, 2) technological, and 3) road engineering to mitigate the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) has become popular in the past years. Yet, the model suffers from an 'empirical identification' issue that is mainly due to inter-relations between ...two of its parameters, α and γ. This paper presents a hybrid optimization paradigm (named HELPME) to address this issue in a basic MDCEV formulation and take full advantage of the model by estimating a 'mixed-profile.' HELPME benefits from a coarse-to-fine search strategy, in which a customized Electromagnetism-like meta-heuristic precedes a gradient-based approach. The Atlanta Regional Travel Survey (2011) is used to empirically analyze performance of HELPME as well as significance of the accuracy gap between the mixed-profile, and α and γ profiles. As part of the results, it is observed that in-sample fit is significantly improved, percentage error of out-of-sample prediction is reduced up to 97% in a 90% confidence level, and bias of out-of-sample predictions are reduced up to 67%.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Three 20-day-old female Cashmere (Raini) goat kids were presented in a sternal recumbency status with 3 weeks history of bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, anorexia, lethargy, and jugular ...distention hemato-biochemical profile showed leukocytosis (monocytosis, neutrophilia with bandemia) and a significant increase (
p
< 0.05) in the serum concentrations of total protein and fibrinogen. The goats died 1 week after treatment because of the severity of the disease. At necropsy, multiple pyogenic abscesses in the liver, myocardial abscesses, and fibrous pleural adhesions were observed. Histopathological examination revealed supportive hepatitis, formation of granulation tissue in the epicardial and myocardial layer of the heart and chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia with granulation tissue in the pleura. In bacteriological examination,
Trueperella pyogenes
(
T. pyogenes
) was isolated from the abscess and confirmed by PCR. The isolated bacteria showed the most susceptibility to the cefotaxime and the less susceptibility to oxytetracycline and gentamycin. Overall, this is the first report, which offered this bacterium as a causative agent of the wide ranges of pathological conditions in Cashmere goats. Suitable antimicrobial therapy of which the Clinician should be aware.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The Saanen and Beetal goats are currently the most popular dairy goat breeds in many countries, including Iran. Subclinical hypocalcemia is common in dairy goats during the first few days of ...lactation similar to that in cattle. The aim of the study was to predict postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy goats using prepartum serum magnesium, inorganic phosphorous, and potassium concentrations. Blood samples from 280 Saanen and 340 Beetal dairy goats were collected 10 days before and 1 day after parturition. Total serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and potassium concentrations were quantified. The results of final logistic regression confirmed the association between prepartum serum concentration of magnesium and subclinical hypocalcemia at parturition in goats. A combination of prepartum serum magnesium, inorganic phosphorous, and potassium concentration variables using logistic and multiple linear regression models improved postpartum subclinical hypocalcemia predictive ability.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Behavioral accidents affecting animals have been emphasized in previous studies. This article describes a case of aggressive sexual behavior by a dromedary bull against a male calf-camel which was ...suffocated to death. A 5-month-old male calf-camel (Camelus dromedarius) found dead with no clinical history, weighing approximately 90 kg, and was referred. Detailed history delineated that the animal was kept in a group pen with 7 camels of the same sex but different ages including 3 adult (weighing approximately 600 kg with heights of 1.8-2 m) and 4 calves. The death occurred on 5 December 2017, winter, at 8:00 in the morning. Complete gross necropsy was carried out at approximately 30 to 60 minutes after death. At necropsy and histopathology, no evidence of inflammatory, noninflammatory, infectious, and traumatic lesions was found. Based on the clinical and paraclinical examinations and necropsic and histopathologic findings of the calf, harassment from adult male dromedarian camel was suspected. Videotape recording confirmed the death of calf caused by aggressive sexual behavior of a male dromedarian camel. During the sexual aggression when the calf was in sternal position, the bull sat on the calf in a way that pressed the calf upper-body and head into the floor and therefore the calf was suffocated to death. Suffocation caused generalized hypoxia which consequently led to death in just a couple of minutes. Therefore, probable risk factors should be considered, and sufficient care should be provided for calves raised under intensive management systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Increases of acute phase proteins and cardiovascular biomarkers during inflammatory phase in dromedary calves.•Decreases of antioxidants during inflammatory phase in dromedary calves.•Compare to ...pentoxifylline, polymyxin B and tyloxapol, anti-inflammatory effects of flunixin were higher.•There was no superiority in anti-inflammatory effects among pentoxifylline, polymyxin B and tyloxapol.
The present study aims to 1- assessment of acute phase proteins, antioxidants and cardiovascular biomarkers during inflammatory response which was induced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in dromedary calves and 2- comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of intravenous (IV) pentoxifylline, polymyxin B, tyloxapol and flunixin thereafter. A total of thirty male dromedary calves with the age of 20 ± 2 weeks and weight of 100 ± 5 kg. The calves were assigned randomly to five experimental groups (4 treatment and 1 positive control). Phenol extracted LPS at 0.1 μg kg−1 from E.coli serotype O55:B5 was used to induce inflammation. Six hours after induction of inflammatory responses, calves in groups Pntx, Plmx, Tlxp and Flnx IV received pentoxifylline (60 mg kg-1), polymyxin B (6000 U kg-1), tyloxapol (400 mg kg-1) and flunixin (2.2 mg kg-1), respectively. Calves in the positive control group were assigned to receive LPS without any anti-inflammatory drugs. Our results showed that values of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), haptoglobin (HP), serum amyloid A (SAA), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and hemocysteine (Hcy) were increased and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased during inflammatory responses in dromedary calves. According to our results, RR and SAA after 12 h, HR, RT, cTnI, Hcy and PCV after 18 h and GPx after 24 h were not significantly different from baseline within the Flnx group. These effects were not observed in other treatment groups. Base on our results there was no superiority in anti-inflammatory effects among pentoxifylline, polymyxin B and tyloxapol during inflammatory responses in dromedary calves. Flunixin meglumine (at 2.2 mg kg-1) can be considered useful for inflammatory conditions in dromedary calves.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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