The normal electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in the base-apex lead were evaluated in 40 clinically healthy Kermani sheep, and compared between sexes and three age groups. The heart rate varied ...from 83-192 beats/min with a mean of 128.9±4.7 beats/min (Mean±SEM). Sinus arrhythmia was the only observed cardiac dysrhythmia on the ECG traces diagnosed in 45% of animals. No significant difference was found in heart rate, amplitude, and duration of ECG waves and intervals between two sexes. Nevertheless, the heart rate, amplitude of ECG waves, duration of T waves and duration of P-R, Q-T and R-R intervals showed significant difference between the age groups. This study provides information on the cardiac rhythm, heart rate, duration, and amplitude of ECG deflections in Kermani sheep. We proposed the base-apex lead as a suitable lead for ECG evaluation in this species.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of ghrelin, microminerals, antioxidants, and vitamins A, E and C levels during different metabolic periods in high yielding Saanen goats subjected to ...heat stress. Twenty clinically and paraclinically healthy, high yielding and multiparous goats with an average age of 3 ± 0.5 years and pregnant with a single fetus were included in this study. Sampling was performed at three different physiologic periods: non-pregnancy non-lactation (P1), four-month gestation (P2), and first month of lactation (P3). In this study, the ambient temperature ranged from 19 to 42 °C and relative humidity ranged from 14 to 19% during the hot months. Serum concentrations of ghrelin, glucose (Glu), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamins (A, E and C) and microminerals (selenium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper and zinc) were measured. Mean raw milk yield of the goats per day at the first month of lactation was 2.34 ± 0.2 kg. Concentration of ghrelin at P1 was significantly lower than P2 and P3 (P < 0.05). Glucose levels were significantly lower at P3 compared with P1 and P2 (P < 0.05). There were no significant correlations between ghrelin and Glu at different periods. Concentrations of selenium and manganese were significantly higher at P3 compared with P2 and were significantly higher at P2 compared with P1. Values of copper at P2 were significantly higher than P1 and P3 (P < 0.05). Zinc levels were significantly higher at P1 compared with P2 and P3 (P < 0.05). Values of antioxidants and vitamins were significantly lower at P3 compared with P2. It is concluded that high yielding Saanen goats may suffer from hormonal and metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and micromineral deficiencies during late gestation and the first month of lactation especially when they are subjected to heat stress.
•During transition period, body metabolism and its demands undergo lots of changes.•Subjecting to heat stress could increase effects of oxidative and metabolic stress.•Ghrelin levels were higher during late pregnancy and early lactation in Saanen does.•Antioxidants levels were lowest in the early lactation period.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The intravenous (IV) usage of diuretics such as furosemide may cause changes in clinical variables, electrocardiographic (ECG) indices and some serum electrolytes concentrations in miniature donkeys. ...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of double intravenous (IV) administration of furosemide at different doses on the clinical variables, ECG indices and serum electrolytes levels in miniature donkeys. A total of 21 clinically and para-clinically healthy miniature donkeys with a mean age of 6.00 ± 1.00 years and weight of 95.00 ± 5.00 kg were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of control (normal saline) and low- (1.00 mg kg
) and high-dose (2.00 mg kg
) of furosemide. Two IV injections with 12-hr interval were administered in each animal. The clinical and ECG parameters were measured at 0 (baseline), 2 (T2), 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) hr after drug administration. Serum concentrations of electrolytes were measured at T0, T24 and T48. The results of this study showed no changes in clinical variables (heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate) and ECG indices (amplitude and duration of P, QRS and T waves and duration of PR, QT and RR intervals) as well as no significant changes in serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium) levels. Although no significant effect on clinical variables, electrolytes levels and ECG indices after double IV administration of furosemide (1.00 and 2.00 mg kg
) in miniature donkeys was observed, absence of these effects does not mean that furosemide had no pharmacological effect.
The aim of this study was to document sedation and analgesic effects, electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters, and some physiologic variable and serum concentrations of electrolytes after intravenous ...(IV) administration of detomidine in camels. Five healthy female dromedary camels (
Camelus dromedarius
) aged 2 years and average weight of 200 ± 20 kg were used. Data were recorded before and 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after IV administration of detomidine (50 μg kg
−1
). Sedation and antinociception response were recorded. The ECG was attached as a bipolar base-apex lead, and indices measured and analyzed were P, QRS, and T wave amplitude, duration and configuration, and duration of P-R, Q-T, and R-R intervals. Venous blood was collected for the measurement of sodium (Na
+
), potassium (K
+
), chloride (Cl
−
), calcium (Ca
2+
), magnesium (Mg
2+
), and phosphorus (P
−
) concentrations. Posture and behavioral observed after detomidine administration were depression, swaying, tremors, muscular weakness, nasal discharge, drooling, drooping of head and lower lip, hind limb ataxia, anorexia, frequent urination, staggering, snoring, and nystagmus. Significantly increased in sedation scores and antinociception grades were seen. Heart rate (HR) was significantly decreased. Amplitude of P, QRS, and T waves, and P-R interval durations were not significantly changed from baseline during sedation. Durations of Q-T and R-R intervals were significantly prolonged after detomidine injection (
p
< 0.05). Sinus arrhythmia and bradycardia were recorded in five out of five camels from 3 to 60 min after detomidine administration. ECG waves configurations were not changed during sedation. Serum concentrations of all electrolytes were not changed after detomidine injection (
p
> 0.05). Detomidine produced a rapid and reliable sedation and antinociception, and could be used for a variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures in
C. dromedarius
without cardiopulmonary disease in the field.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Equity concerns of urban planners and policy-makers cannot be addressed unless disability effects on daily activities are disentangled. The findings, however, strongly depend on how disability is ...incorporated into the model. Two Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) models for analyzing disability effects on daily activity type and duration are discussed and compared in this paper. In the "classic" approach, an independent dummy variable is used to distinguish disability. However, in the "separate" approach, the dataset is divided into disabled and non-disabled groups and, then, a separate model is calibrated for the disabled group. The two approaches achieve different coefficients and elasticity values, evidencing that model specification matters for policy assessments. Three transferability metrics are adopted to illustrate that the separate approach outperforms the classic approach in explaining travel patterns of persons with disabilities. Finally, three policies that have been practiced across the globe to prevent social exclusion of disabled people are discussed in terms of the effects of model specification on the policy assessment outcomes. This assessment offers managerial insights for policymakers to develop appropriate infrastructure and accessibility strategies for disabled people.
In the current study, we aimed to establish reference values for the most important clinical, hematobiochemical and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters and evaluate the effect of sex, age and ...season in miniature donkey. We hypothesized that these parameters in this valuable breed of donkey would be different from those of other species of equidae. Twenty apparently healthy miniature donkeys aged 1–8 years and weighing averagely 115 ± 10 kg, with an average height of 0.83 ± 0.3 m, were used in this study. Based on sex, age and season of sampling, the animals were divided into groups. Animals less than 2 years old, between 2 and 5 years old and those over 5 years of age were considered foal, young and adult, respectively. The ECG was attached as a bipolar base-apex lead and indices measured and analyzed were P, QRS and T wave amplitude and duration and duration of PR, QT and RR intervals. Red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and WBC differential counts were performed using a hemacytometer. Sera were collected for measurement of sodium (Na
+
), potassium (K
+
), chloride (Cl
−
), calcium (Ca
2+
), magnesium (Mg
2+
) and phosphorus (P
−
) concentrations. Heart rate (HR), PR and RR intervals were different from reference ranges. Male and female animals showed no significant differences in clinical, hematobiochemical and ECG parameters except in serum concentrations of Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
(P
< 0.05). There were significant differences in HR, RR interval and serum level of P
−
and Na
+
among age groups. Eosinophil in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring (
P
< 0.05). The configuration of P and T waves was mainly biphasic and monophasic, respectively. The majority of ECGs was of the QS configuration. Differences between sexes and seasons and among age groups were insignificant (
P
> 0.05). The data obtained in the present study are the first reference values to be published for the miniature donkey and can be useful in our understanding of this breed’s normal parameters, which will help veterinarians to appropriately interpret laboratory data. Results of the present study can be used for monitoring the health status, diagnosing the diseases and improving the management and conservation strategies of this breed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Classification of driving events is a crucial stage in driving behavior monitoring using smartphone sensory data. It has not been previously explored that to what extent classification performance ...depends on the classifier type and input data characteristics. To fill this gap, a real-world experiment is designed for supervised data collection. Then the effects of different machine learning (ML) classifiers, data sampling rates, and sensor combinations on the final classification accuracy are demonstrated. A considerable number of labeled events (4114) containing 11 types of driving maneuvers are collected using base sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) and composite sensors (linear accelerometer and rotation vector) available in smartphones. Several models using 23 ML algorithms are trained. The sensitivity of these models is analyzed by changing the characteristics of the input data concerning the type of ML classifier, data sampling rate, and the bundle of mobile sensors. It is demonstrated that: (1) F1 scores vary from 70 to 96% for different ML classifiers, (2) F1 scores drop 30-40% depending on the classifier type when reducing the data sampling rate, and (3) using all four sensors as a bundle for classifying driving events is not reasonable since an approximate equal F1 score is achievable by a three-sensor bundle which includes an accelerometer and a linear accelerometer.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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