To evaluate the level of knowledge and the degree of satisfaction obtained through continuous training in simulation-debriefing methods as a learning tool in the care of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA).
...A quasi-experimental study. Evaluation by ad hoc questionnaire (pre and post, and reassessment at 4 months) to all professionals (physicians and nurses) who passed any of the 6 editions of the course: 'Simulation of situations of cardiopulmonary arrest or peri-arrest in hospitalisation units'. Descriptive and inferential statistics.
133 participants, 16 physicians, and 117 nurses. Before the course started, the level of knowledge was 78.5%, at the end of training it was 94.6% (P<.001), and after 4 months, it was 88% (P<.05). The satisfaction achieved was 91.8% at the end of the course, and subsequently 88.4%; this was significant (P<.05) among the younger professionals, with less experience and with a temporary contract. Eighty one point two percent of the participants expressed that they changed the way they acted during a cardiopulmonary arrest.
Continuous education in CPA, performed through simulation-debriefing, is consolidated in our field as an effective tool to acquire a suitable level of knowledge that lasts over time. The level of satisfaction achieved was high since this method of learning meets the expectations of the professionals and resembles real care practice.
Interspecific phenotypic variation in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) is often explained by biotic and abiotic factors. However, patterns of variation within species do not clearly fit the ...theoretical predictions. Exploring how genetics, environment and demographic processes shape such variation among and within populations is crucial for understanding evolution of PSM, particularly in long‐lived plants such as forest trees.
Here, we quantified genetic variation in PSM among and within populations, and explored drivers of local adaptation by studying the role of climate as a source of population differentiation in PSM of maritime pine. Constitutive profile and concentrations of 63 PSM and their herbivory‐associated inducibility were determined in the bark of 130 clonally replicated genotypes with known familial structure from 10 populations covering the distribution range of the species. We compared neutral and quantitative population genetic differentiation of PSM (FST and QST). Also, we accounted for population genetic structure and kinship among individuals when exploring climate–trait relationships.
We found large population differentiation and additive genetic variation in constitutive PSM. Many PSM were inducible, although very low genetic variation was observed with respect to their inducibility. QST–FST comparisons suggest that differentiation of most diterpenes, monoterpenes, and phenolics can be explained by neutral demographic processes. Spatially heterogeneous selection across populations leading to local adaptation was only found for total constitutive sesquiterpenes and a few individual PSM. After accounting for population genetic structure, only the constitutive concentration of two sesquiterpenes showing signs of diversifying selection was predicted by climate, with decreasing concentrations along a growth‐prone climatic gradient.
Synthesis. Evolutionary patterns of plant secondary metabolites depended on their chemical nature, with neutral differentiation governing most plant secondary metabolites. Evidence of local adaptation was only found for total constitutive sesquiterpenes and a few individual plant secondary metabolites. The low genetic variation in the inducibility of plant secondary metabolites suggests a conserved model of defensive induction in this species. Since population differentiation linked to past demographic history could lead to false positives of adaptive differentiation signals, accounting for the genetic relatedness among populations is required to infer the environmental determinants of intraspecific genetic variation in putatively adaptive traits such as plant defences.
Resumen
La variación fenotípica intraespecífica en metabolitos secundarios de plantas (MSP) se explica habitualmente por factores bióticos y abióticos. Sin embargo, los patrones de variación dentro de especies no se ajustan a las predicciones teóricas. Explorar cómo la genética, el ambiente y los procesos demográficos moldean dicha variación entre y dentro de las poblaciones es vital para comprender la evolución de los MSP, sobre todo en plantas de vida larga como los árboles.
En este trabajo cuantificamos la variación genética en MSP entre y dentro de poblaciones, y exploramos los factores causantes de adaptación local mediante el estudio del papel del clima como origen de la diferenciación de las poblaciones de pino marítimo en MSP. Se determinaron el perfil y concentración constitutiva de 63 MSP y su inducibilidad asociada a la herbivoría en la corteza de 130 genotipos replicados clonalmente, con estructura familiar conocida y procedentes de diez poblaciones, abarcando el rango de distribución de la especie. Comparamos la diferenciación genética de poblaciones a nivel neutral y cuantitativo de los MSP (FST y QST). Además, consideramos la estructura genética entre poblaciones y el parentesco entre individuos al explorar las relaciones clima‐carácter.
Encontramos una gran diferenciación entre poblaciones y variación genética aditiva en MSP constitutivos. Muchos MSP se indujeron, aunque observamos una variación genética limitada respecto a su inducibilidad. Las comparaciones QST‐FST sugieren que la diferenciación de muchos diterpenos, monoterpenos y fenoles pueden ser explicadas por procesos demográficos neutrales. Encontramos selección espacialmente heterogénea a través de las poblaciones, conducentes a adaptación local, solamente para sesquiterpenos constitutivos y algunos MSP individuales. Tras considerar la estructura genética entre poblaciones, sólo la concentración constitutiva de dos sesquiterpenos que mostraron signos de selección diversificadora apareció significativamente relacionada con el clima, con menor concentración a lo largo de un gradiente climático asociado a una mayor productividad primaria.
Síntesis. Los patrones evolutivos de los metabolitos secundarios de plantas dependieron de su naturaleza química, siendo la diferenciación neutral la dominante en la mayoría de metabolitos secundarios de plantas. Se encontraron evidencias de adaptación local solamente para los sesquiterpenos constitutivos y unos pocos metabolitos secundarios de plantas individuales. La escasa variación genética en la inducibilidad de los metabolitos secundarios de plantas sugiere un modelo de inducción defensiva conservado en esta especie. Debido a que la diferenciación entre poblaciones va unida a la historia demográfica y podría conducir a falsos positivos de señales de diferenciación adaptativa, es necesario tener en cuenta el parentesco genético entre poblaciones para inferir los determinantes ambientales de la variación genética intraespecífica en supuestos caracteres adaptativos como las defensas químicas.
Since population differentiation is linked to past demographic history, differentiation signals across populations (coloured pie charts) of plant secondary metabolites (PSM) as putative chemical defences must be explored by accounting for the genetic relatedness among populations and kinship among individuals within populations to adequately infer the determinants of intraspecific genetic variation in those traits. Map was modified from EUFORGEN (2009).
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species cause a severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) characterized by a high mortality rate. There are no licensed therapies or vaccines against Ebola virus disease (EVD), and ...the recent 2013 to 2016 outbreak in West Africa highlighted the need for EVD-specific medical countermeasures. Here, we generated and characterized head-to-head the immunogenicity and efficacy of five vaccine candidates against Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing either the virus glycoprotein (GP) or GP together with the virus protein 40 (VP40) forming virus-like particles (VLPs). In a human monocytic cell line, the different MVA vectors (termed MVA-EBOVs and MVA-SUDVs) triggered robust innate immune responses, with production of beta interferon (IFN-β), proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Additionally, several innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, were differentially recruited in the peritoneal cavity of mice inoculated with MVA-EBOVs. After immunization of mice with a homologous prime/boost protocol (MVA/MVA), total IgG antibodies against GP or VP40 from Zaire and Sudan ebolavirus were differentially induced by these vectors, which were mainly of the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. Remarkably, an MVA-EBOV construct coexpressing GP and VP40 protected chimeric mice challenged with EBOV to a greater extent than a vector expressing GP alone. These results support the consideration of MVA-EBOVs and MVA-SUDVs expressing GP and VP40 and producing VLPs as best-in-class potential vaccine candidates against EBOV and SUDV.
EBOV and SUDV cause a severe hemorrhagic fever affecting humans and NHPs. Since their discovery in 1976, they have caused several sporadic epidemics, with the recent outbreak in West Africa from 2013 to 2016 being the largest and most severe, with more than 11,000 deaths being reported. Although some vaccines are in advanced clinical phases, less expensive, safer, and more effective licensed vaccines are desirable. We generated and characterized head-to-head the immunogenicity and efficacy of five novel vaccines against EBOV and SUDV based on the poxvirus MVA expressing GP or GP and VP40. The expression of GP and VP40 leads to the formation of VLPs. These MVA-EBOV and MVA-SUDV recombinants triggered robust innate and humoral immune responses in mice. Furthermore, MVA-EBOV recombinants expressing GP and VP40 induced high protection against EBOV in a mouse challenge model. Thus, MVA expressing GP and VP40 and producing VLPs is a promising vaccine candidate against EBOV and SUDV.
Maritime pine (
Pinus pinaster Ait.) is the most important forest tree species in Galicia (NW Spain), and the pine weevil (
Hylobius abietis L.) can be a serious problem to its regeneration. ...Fertilization is a commonly recommended silvicultural tool for
P. pinaster, especially in second rotation reforestations where large amounts of nutrients may be extracted through harvesting. But increased nutrient availability could promote undesired side-effect on host resistance and pest damage. We studied the effect of fertilization on pine growth and weevil damage during two growth periods after planting in a
P. pinaster progeny
×
fertilization trial with nine fertilization treatments. Both factors, fertilization and family, had a strong and significant effect on growth and pine weevil damage. The damage by the pine weevil was greater in fertilized plants (debarked area score up to 2.9-fold greater) than in the unfertilized control, inducing a 3.7-fold greater leader loss in the former. The damage was lower when calcium phosphate was absent than when it was present, averaging about 2- and 2.7-fold above the unfertilized control, respectively. In spite of the attack, 1 year after planting, fertilization significantly increased diameter and height in plants that were able to maintain the leaders alive, averaging about 1.2-fold above the control. But when the height of the whole plantation was considered (actual height), fertilized plants did not differ from unfertilized ones. Moreover, the attack of
H. abietis during the first growing period affected subsequent growth, resulting in no significant effect of fertilization on growth at the end of the second growing period. Attack by
H. abietis caused the loss of the growth benefits promoted by the fertilization input.
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We present the results of prompt optical follow-up of the electromagnetic counterpart of the gravitational-wave event GW170817 by the Transient Optical Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration. ...We detected highly significant dimming in the light curves of the counterpart ( mag, mag, mag) over the course of only 80 minutes of observations obtained ∼35 hr after the trigger with the T80-South telescope. A second epoch of observations, obtained ∼59 hr after the event with the EABA 1.5 m telescope, confirms the fast fading nature of the transient. The observed colors of the counterpart suggest that this event was a "blue kilonova" relatively free of lanthanides.
This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the drivers and modes of university-industry interaction in latecomer firms. Based on a survey conducted in 2008 and using a sample of ...Mexican manufacturing firms, technological and innovative effort (TIE) related factors and structural characteristics have been introduced in a set of logistic models. The results confirm that there is a positive relationship between the TIE, measured as the intensity of in-house R&D and the innovative profile of the firm, and the firm's propensity to establish linkages with higher education institutes and public research centers. TIE was also found to be significant in determining the likelihood of specific channels of university-industry linkages.
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Hylobius abietis (L.) is the most economically important pest of coniferous seedlings in clear-cut areas in Europe. Adult weevils cause extensive damage by feeding on the bark of newly planted ...seedlings on clear felled coniferous stands. During the last 20 years, several studies have tried to find an effective method for trapping H. abietis in north Europe, but there is no information for the warmer countries of southern Europe. In this study, α-pinene and turpentine in combination with ethanol as attractants, and pine bark or pine branches as trap substrate were used to trap alive H. abietis in NW Spain. The combination of α-pinene and ethanol obtained nearly 7-fold greater captures than the control. However, there were no significant differences between α-pinene and turpentine. The catches were also significantly affected by the substrate used in the traps. Fresh pine bark impregnated with turpentine and ethanol achieved nearly 11-fold greater captures than branches as substrate. The use of pine bark plus turpentine (40 mL) and ethanol (20 mL) appeared as an effective and cheap alternative to capture H. abietis in Spain.
Aims. Our goal is to morphologically classify the sources identified in the images of the J-PLUS early data release (EDR) as compact (stars) or extended (galaxies) using a dedicated Bayesian ...classifier. Methods. J-PLUS sources exhibit two distinct populations in the r-band magnitude versus concentration plane, corresponding to compact and extended sources. We modelled the two-population distribution with a skewed Gaussian for compact objects and a log-normal function for the extended objects. The derived model and the number density prior based on J-PLUS EDR data were used to estimate the Bayesian probability that a source is a star or a galaxy. This procedure was applied pointing-by-pointing to account for varying observing conditions and sky positions. Finally, we combined the morphological information from the g, r, and i broad bands in order to improve the classification of low signal-to-noise sources. Results. The derived probabilities are used to compute the pointing-by-pointing number counts of stars and galaxies. The former increases as we approach the Milky Way disk, and the latter are similar across the probed area. The comparison with SDSS in the common regions is satisfactory up to r ~ 21, with consistent numbers of stars and galaxies, and consistent distributions in concentration and (g−i) colour spaces. Conclusions. We implement a morphological star/galaxy classifier based on probability distribution function analysis, providing meaningful probabilities for J-PLUS sources to one magnitude deeper (r ~ 21) than a classical Boolean classification. These probabilities are suited for the statistical study of 150 thousand stars and 101 thousand galaxies with 15 < r ≤ 21 present in the 31.7 deg2 of the J-PLUS EDR. In a future version of the classifier, we will include J-PLUS colour information from 12 photometric bands.
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Context. Chemically inhomogeneous populations are observed in most globular clusters, but not in open clusters. Cluster mass seems to play a key role in the existence of multiple populations. Aims. ...Studying the chemical homogeneity of the most massive open clusters is needed to better understand the mechanism of their formation and determine the mass limit under which clusters cannot host multiple populations. Here we studied NGC 6705, which is a young and massive open cluster located towards the inner region of the Milky Way. This cluster is located inside the solar circle. This makes it an important tracer of the inner disk abundance gradient. Methods. This study makes use of BVI and ri photometry and comparisons with theoretical isochrones to derive the age of NGC 6705. We study the density profile of the cluster and the mass function to infer the cluster mass. Based on abundances of the chemical elements distributed in the first internal data release of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we study elemental ratios and the chemical homogeneity of the red clump stars. Radial velocities enable us to study the rotation and internal kinematics of the cluster. Results. The estimated ages range from 250 to 316 Myr, depending on the adopted stellar model. Luminosity profiles and mass functions show strong signs of mass segregation. We derive the mass of the cluster from its luminosity function and from the kinematics, finding values between 3700 M⊙ and 11 000 M⊙. After selecting the cluster members from their radial velocities, we obtain a metallicity of Fe/H = 0.10 ± 0.06 based on 21 candidate members. Moreover, NGC 6705 shows no sign of the typical correlations or anti-correlations between Al, Mg, Si, and Na, which are expected in multiple populations. This is consistent with our cluster mass estimate, which is lower than the required mass limit proposed in the literature to develop multiple populations.
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Oleoresin produced and stored in pine tree leaves provides direct resistance to herbivores, while leaf volatile terpenes (LVT) in the resin are also powerful airborne infochemicals. Resin ...concentration and profile show considerable spatial and temporal phenotypic variation within and among pine populations. LVT biochemistry is known to be under genetic control, and although LVT should be plastic to diverse abiotic and biotic environmental factors such as nutrient availability and herbivore attack, little is known about their relative contributions and interactive effects. The aim of this paper was to clarify whether reduced phosphorus availability could increase the LVT concentration and affect the expression of herbivore-derived induced defences, and how plasticity would contribute to the phenotypic variation of LVT. The constitutive and methyl-jasmonate (MeJa) induced LVT concentration and profile were analysed in 17 half-sib Pinus pinaster families growing under two levels of P-availability (complete and P-limited fertilization). Individual terpene concentrations showed large additive genetic variation, which was more pronounced in the control than in MeJa-induced pines. MeJa application did not affect the LVT concentration, but significantly modified the LVT profile by depleting the α-pinene content and reducing the sesquiterpene fraction. Low P-availability strongly reduced plant growth and foliar nutrient concentrations, but did not affect LVT concentration and profile, and did not interact with MeJa-induction. Results indicate a strong homeostasis of LVT concentration to P-availability, and minor changes in the LVT profile due to MeJa-induction. Genetic variation appears to be the main source of phenotypic variation affecting the LVT concentration in this pine species.
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