Computational ghost imaging (CGI) is a single-pixel imaging technique that exploits the correlation between known random patterns and the measured intensity of light transmitted (or reflected) by an ...object. Although CGI can obtain two- or three-dimensional images with a single or a few bucket detectors, the quality of the reconstructed images is reduced by noise due to the reconstruction of images from random patterns. In this study, we improve the quality of CGI images using deep learning. A deep neural network is used to automatically learn the features of noise-contaminated CGI images. After training, the network is able to predict low-noise images from new noise-contaminated CGI images.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A 47-year-old man was referred to our anal dysplasia clinic for the evaluation of ongoing anorectal discomfort and an anal mass. The patient had experienced severe rectal pain and cramping and ...incomplete defecation, and had passed stools containing pus and blood. He also had intermittent fevers and difficulty starting and maintaining urine flow. These symptoms had caused him considerable distress and disruption to his daily life over the previous four months. The patient's medical history included HIV infection, for which he was receiving stable antiretroviral therapy. He also had a history of coronary artery disease, with two previous myocardial infarctions requiring percutaneous intervention. The rest of his medical history was noncontributory. Clinicians should suspect lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis when a patient presents with typical symptoms (rectal pain, abdominal cramping, discharge and bleeding ) and risk factors for anal chlamydia transmission, such as HIV infection, or a history of anal intercourse or same-sex male intercourse. Here, Weiss and Sano discuss proctocolitis caused by lymphogranuloma venereum.
To assess anal oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) and anal cytology as screening tests for detecting high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN 2+), as this is an immediate anal cancer ...precursor.
Cross-sectional study of 401 HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). The endpoint was histologically confirmed AIN 2+ obtained by high-resolution anoscopy. Cytology and biopsy specimens were assigned random numbers and independently assessed by two pathologists.
We did concomitant anal cytology, anal HPV testing and HRA with directed biopsies without knowing the results of each intervention. The main outcome measures were the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of anal cytology and oncogenic HPV for the detection of AIN 2+.
Cytology was abnormal in 67% of patients: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 12%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 43% and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 12%. Biopsies were abnormal in 68% of patients: AIN 2+, 25% and AIN 1, 43%. HPV was detected in 93% with multiple HPV types in 92% and oncogenic HPV types in 88%. Test performance characteristics for the detection of AIN 2+ using any abnormality on anal cytology were: sensitivity 84%, specificity 39%, negative predictive value 88% and positive predictive value 31%; using oncogenic HPV: sensitivity 100%, specificity 16%, negative predictive value 100% and positive predictive value 28%.
Anal cytology and HPV detection have high sensitivity but low specificity for detecting AIN 2+. HIV-positive men who have sex with men have a high prevalence of AIN 2+ and require high-resolution anoscopy for optimal detection of high-grade anal dysplasia.
We propose a random phase-free kinoform for large objects. When not using the random phase in kinoform calculation, the reconstructed images from the kinoform are heavy degraded, like edge-only ...preserved images. In addition, the kinoform cannot record an entire object that exceeds the kinoform size because the object light does not widely spread. In order to avoid this degradation and to widely spread the object light, the random phase is applied to the kinoform calculation; however, the reconstructed image is contaminated by speckle noise. In this paper, we overcome this problem by using our random phase-free method and error diffusion method.
Our proposed method of random phase-free holography using virtual convergence light can obtain large reconstructed images exceeding the size of the hologram, without the assistance of random phase. ...The reconstructed images have low-speckle noise in the amplitude and phase-only holograms (kinoforms); however, in low-resolution holograms, we obtain a degraded image quality compared to the original image. We propose an iterative random phase-free method with virtual convergence light to address this problem.
•A proposed method can obtain large reconstructed images exceeding the size of the hologram, without the assistance of random phase.•The reconstructed images have low-speckle noise in the amplitude and phase-only holograms (kinoforms).•In low-resolution holograms, we obtain a good image quality of a reconstructed image using an iterative random phase-free method with virtual convergence light.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background: HIV-positive men with a history of anal-receptive intercourse are at risk for anal cancer. We determined whether
human papilloma virus (HPV) biomarkers were correlated with anal pathology ...in these men.
Methods: HPV genotype was determined by PCR/line blot assay. Real-time PCR assays were done for viral load, E6 transcripts
for HPV genotypes 16, 18, and 31, and p16 transcripts.
Results: The most common oncogenic HPV types were HPV 16 (38%), 18 (19%), 45 (22%), and 52 (19%). HPV types 16, 18, 31, 52,
59, and 68 were associated with high-grade histology. The number of HPV genotypes per anal swab was higher for anal intraepithelial
neoplasia (AIN) 2/3 than for normal or AIN 1 histology median, 5 types (interquartile range) (IQR), 3-7 versus 3.5 (IQR),
2-6; P = 0.0005. HPV 16 viral load was also associated with AIN 2/3 histology. There was no difference in p16 or E6 transcripts
between histologic grades. In the multivariable logistic regression model, HPV genotypes 16 odds ratio, 2.58; 95% confidence
interval (95% CI), 1.31-5.08; P = 0.006 and 31 (odds ratio, 4.74; 95% CI, 2.00-11.22; P = 0.0004), baseline CD4 count < 400 cells/mm 3 (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.46-5.99; P = 0.0025), and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.22-4.82; P = 0.01) were associated with high-grade histology after adjusting for age.
Conclusions: The presence of high-grade anal pathology (AIN 2/3) in HIV-positive men was associated with multiple HPV genotypes,
HPV genotypes 16 and 31, and HPV 16 viral load. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1986–92)
Abstract
Background
Anal HPV infection and associated pre-cancerous changes, known as anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), are common among men who have sex with men (MSM). While natural regression ...of AIN is often observed, there are currently no predictors for disease outcomes. Therefore, we assessed mucosal immune and microbiological correlates of natural AIN regression.
Methods
Fifty-five HIV-infected, ART-treated MSM were recruited, of whom 26 had confirmed AIN. The microbiome was defined via qPCR and 16s sequencing of anal swabs; biopsies were collected from both healthy and AIN-confirmed sites by high-resolution anoscopy, and lymphocyte populations were defined by flow cytometric analysis including CD38 and HLA-DR as activation markers. AIN regressors vs non-regressors were compared by Mann-Whitney (SPSS).
Results
AIN regression was observed in 15/26 (58%) participants. Regression was associated with a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells (p= 0.006), and AIN regressors had significantly higher levels of both activated CD8+ (p= 0.023; 44.5% vs 27.9%) and activated CD4+ T cells (p=0.023; 20.4% vs 9.81%) compared to non-regressors. Interestingly, AIN regressors had reduced microbiome diversity (p=0.026; 241 vs 284 OTUs) and a trend towards a lower bacterial load (p=0.059). While age was similar between groups, AIN regressors had been living with HIV for a shorter time (p=0.023). No differences were observed between groups in T cells derived from AIN-free anal mucosa.
Conclusions
AIN-specific immune activation was associated with subsequent regression of AIN. Given that AIN non-regressors had greater anal microbiome diversity, defining key bacterial species and their role in HPV pathogenesis may merit further investigation.
Abstract
Although antiretroviral treatment (ART) suppresses HIV RNA in blood and prevents transmission, low-level anorectal HIV RNA shedding persists in some ART-treated men who have sex with men. We ...collected anorectal biopsies and swabs from 55 men who have sex with men on effective ART, hypothesizing that anorectal shedding would be linked to microbiota-driven mucosal T cell activation. Lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry, soluble immune factors by multiplex immunoassay, neutrophils and epithelial integrity by immunofluorescence microscopy, and the anorectal microbiome by quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Unexpectedly, we found no evidence that anorectal HIV shedding was associated with the parameters of mucosal inflammation, including T cell activation, inflammatory cytokines, the density of neutrophils, or epithelial integrity. Moreover, the anorectal bacterial load was actually lower in the shedding group, with no major differences in bacterial composition. Instead, the strongest mucosal immune correlates of HIV shedding were an increase in central memory cell frequency and Ki67 expression as well as higher concentrations of the cytokine IL-7 in anorectal secretions. Anorectal HIV RNA shedding during effective ART was not driven by local inflammation; the associations seen with local homeostatic T cell proliferation will require further confirmation.
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