The single market and trade policy are Europe's major economic achievements and its best assets in times of increasing globalisation. European integration, as well as any other regional integration, ...is impossible without these two policies, which are a good example of how to implement a positive form of globalisation. They represent an engine for growth and building a more competitive EU economy. The single market and trade policy, by allowing people, goods, services and capital to move more freely through both Member States and the world, open up new opportunities for citizens, workers, businesses and consumers, creating the jobs and growth Europe so urgently needs. This collection of essays addresses the various facets of these two pillars of European integration. A more efficient single market creates the conditions for a more open trade policy, and vice-versa. Growth has been lacking in Europe in recent years, and enhancing these two assets is the most fruitful way to find it again.
This book discusses the 2450 year-long journey of the evolution of human rights, beginning from their earliest manifestation through Sophocles' tragedy Antigone (442 BCE). It then moves on to look at ...the relationship between human rights and the likes of Cicero and Jesus, Erasmus and the intellectuals of the Enlightenment, before considering the very roots of the idea of Europe, which goes back to the liberal and federalist thought of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The book concludes with the Charter of the EU Fundamental Rights becoming legally binding for Member States in Lisbon in 2009. While inquiring into the origins of European shared values, it assesses their compatibility with a non-European culture and religion such as Islam.
Francesco Forte dedicated three books to the figure of Luigi Einaudi. The first was published in 1982, the second in 2009, and the third in 2016. Through these books he provides a comprehensive ...analysis of the liberal thought of Einaudi. This article focuses on Forte’s exploration and comments regarding Einaudi’s views and proposals for the European Federation (Einaudi 2011) and the European Central Bank’s unconventional monetary policy. Forte’s analysis of Einaudi has the merit of exalting one of the most prominent and lesser known features of his thought. Einaudi appears as the architect of what we call today the European Union. However no historian, economist, or politician has ever recognized the fundamental role of Einaudi. This lack of recognition should be extended to the Eurotower banker whose unconventional monetary policy has drawn so much from Einaudi’s theory of financial stability.
In his two pivotal works:
For an European Economic Federation
(1943) and
The Economic Problems of the European Federation
, (1944) written just before and during his Swiss exile, Luigi Einaudi listed ...the mandatory tasks of the European Federation. This would only be a start, for as he warned, only later experience would show whether or not the list should be extended. Einaudi does not mention any specific criteria to be used to select tasks for the European Federation. Using the principles of subsidiarity and fiscal federalism, this paper first analyses Einaudi’s allocation of competences to the European Federation. Comparisons are also drawn to his 1944 conclusions and other works on European Union (EU) competencies published nearly sixty years later. The second part of the paper deals with Einaudi’s recommendations on taxes to be levied by the Federation. He was skeptical of the system of transfers from member states to the Federation, but supported a system with its own autonomous resources. Today, this is a topical problem for financing the EU’s budget. The third part deals with Einaudi’s view on public deficits. Thanks to his work as member of the Italian Constituent Assembly, a principle advocating balance between spending and resources was introduced into the Constitution. As President, he interpreted this article as implying the equilibrium between income and expenses. Einaudi therefore anticipated the fiscal discipline introduced at the EU level with the Maastricht treaty in the nineties, and lately in several member state national constitutions. The fourth part assesses the results of EU’s fiscal discipline. Success in reducing the deficit and stabilizing the public debt before the crisis is undeniable. However, a balanced budget was achieved more by tax increases than through the reduction of expenditures. This occurred because of the “missing criterion” of Maastricht. In conclusion, the paper presents and discusses this criterion.
Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej nie zawiera definicji konkurencji. Zaproponowana w pracy definicja mówi, że jest to polityka zmierzająca do wykrywania i zapobiegania powstawaniu karteli, ...unikania fuzji, które mogą prowadzić do nadużywania pozycji dominującej, kontroli i ograniczania pomocy publicznej i promowania liberalizacji. W dalszej części pracy poszczególne elementy tej definicji są poddane szerszej analizie: swoboda wchodzenia na rynek, zasady konkurencji, pomoc państwowa oraz kartele. Liberalizacja jest ściśle powiązana z koncepcją Finaudiego dotyczącą możliwości zapewnienia konkurencji na rynku. Trzecia Dyrektywa Gazowa jest przykładem takiego podejścia. Jednak postępy w jej implementacji są niewielkie. Co więcej, kryzys spowodował pojawienie się swoistej eurosklerozy w procesie liberalizacji. Dynamizacja tego procesu jest niezbędna do odbudowania wzrostu gospodarczego w Europie.
Textile and clothing industry in the EU is, since the beginning of 2005, facing a free competition world. In the past decades has been widely protected. However after the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994 ...the final stage of liberalization begun and came to an end at the end of 2004. In these years Chinese industry has grown preparing itselffor competing in the free international market. The same we cannot say of the EU industry that has missed to implement major adjustments and changes. For this very reason the industry is facing increasing difficulties to face the fierce competition of China's production. In the first half of 2005 there have been strong possibilities for a trade war between EU and China. The solution has been found in the Agreement signed by the two parties on June 10, 2005.
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The TFEU is not defining competition. The definition we propose is: A policy bound to: detect and deter cartels; avoid mergers leading to abuse of dominant position, control and prohibit State aid, ...promote liberalisations. This definitions contains the mail elements of the liberal theory of competition. The paper explores them: entry freedom, competition order, state aids and cartels. Liberalizations are strictly linked to Einaudi’s concept of “juridical possibility of having competition”. The third Gas Directive represents an example of this “juridical possibility”. Progresses in its application have been small. Furthermore the crisis has produced a sort of euro-sclerosis of the liberalization process. The revitalization of liberalisations is essential to regain growth in Europe.
The Italian classical liberal tradition of Federalism and European integration is well founded. Starting with Luigi Einaudi, who took up the heritage of Carlo Cattaneo, it has continued with Giovanni ...Malagodi, Giovanni Demaria, and Bruno Leoni, not to mention the liberals of Einaudi’s times. The same reflection continues today. Alberto Alesina is a prominent personality among the scholars who can be considered as full heirs of Einaudi. A foresight, often impressive, is the thread linking Einaudi’s writings on European federation. Between the twenties and the early fifties of the 20th century, Einaudi traced with great precision the profile and many details of a politically and economically unified Europe. Today, we do not have the federation that he wished for, but the economic sovereignty among EU countries has been shared to a great extent. Other prominent Italian liberal thinkers and politicians have reflected on the idea of a federal Europe and on the incipient European construction: thinkers such as Bruno Leoni, Giovanni Malagodi and Giovanni Demaria. Giovanni Malagodi, for many years a member of the Italian Parliament and secretary general of the Italian Liberal party, in his speech for the ratification of the Treaty of Rome, advocated a European monetary union with a single currency substituting those of the Member States of the EEC. Both Giovanni Demaria and Bruno Leoni warned against the danger of Government interventionist policies in the European common market. Alesina, in various scholarly contributions on European integration and in the essay
The Future of Europe,
adopts a liberal perspective for his critical analysis of EU policies.
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