Climate change and population growth are contributing to a growing global freshwater crisis that is exacerbating agricultural water scarcity and compromising food security and public health. In light ...of these challenges, the increased reliance on nontraditional irrigation water sources, such as reclaimed or recycled water, is emerging as a potentially viable strategy to address water and food insecurity worldwide. This editorial provides an overview of the global need for agricultural water reuse and outlines the environmental and public health impacts associated with this practice. Policy implications, including an emphasis on “One Water” approaches, are discussed. Finally, the editorial leads off a Special Issue that includes a collection of articles reporting on the initial research and extension/outreach findings of CONSERVE: A Center of Excellence at the Nexus of Sustainable Water Reuse, Food and Health, funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Taken together, this compilation of articles addresses the overarching theme that transdisciplinary teams are key with regard to moving the science of agricultural water reuse forward to achieve water and food security and advance public health in a changing climate.
•The planet is in the midst of a growing freshwater crisis.•Agricultural water reuse is increasing globally to offset water scarcity.•Agricultural water reuse can result in environmental and public health impacts.•Israel’s experience, along with One Water approaches, can inform water reuse policy.•Transdisciplinary teams can move the science of agricultural water reuse forward.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Two-dimensional membranes have gained enormous interest due to their potential to deliver precision filtration of species with performance that can challenge current desalination membrane ...platforms. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2
) laminar membranes have recently demonstrated superior stability in aqueous environment to their extensively-studied analogs graphene-based membranes; however, challenges such as low ion rejection for high salinity water, low water flux, and low stability over time delay their potential adoption as a viable technology. Here, we report composite laminate multilayer MoS
2
membranes with stacked heterodimensional one- to two-layer-thick porous nanosheets and nanodisks. These membranes have a multimodal porous network structure with tunable surface charge, pore size, and interlayer spacing. In forward osmosis, our membranes reject more than 99% of salts at high salinities and, in reverse osmosis, small-molecule organic dyes and salts are efficiently filtered. Finally, our membranes stably operate for over a month, implying their potential for use in commercial water purification applications.
This study investigated the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-boron nitride (BN) nanocomposites for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern in water using ...ibuprofen as a model compound. TiO2 nanofibers wrapped by BN nanosheets were synthesized by electrospinning method. Characterization of the nanocomposite photocatalysts indicated that the BN nanosheets improved the light absorbance and reduced the recombination of the photoexcited charge carriers (e− and h+). The photocatalytic oxidation products and mechanisms of ibuprofen by the TiO2-BN catalysts were elucidated using a multiple analysis approach by high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorbance, dissolved organic carbon, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices, and electrospray ionization–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The experimental results revealed that the photocatalytic oxidation by the TiO2-BN nanocomposites is a multi-step process and the interactions between ibuprofen molecules and the TiO2-BN nanocomposites govern the adsorption process. The increasing BN nanosheet content in the TiO2 nanofibers facilitated the breakdown of ibuprofen degradation intermediates (hydroxyibuprofen, carboxyibuprofen, and oxypropyl ibuprofen). Kinetic modeling indicated both adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation of ibuprofen by the TiO2-BN nanocomposites followed the first-order kinetic model. The photocatalytic oxidation rate increased with the increasing BN content in the nanocomposite catalysts, which was attributed to the enhanced light absorption capacity and the separation efficiency of the photoexcited electron (e−)-hole (h+) pairs. Multiple photocatalytic cycles were conducted to investigate the reusability and regeneration of the nanofibers for ibuprofen degradation.
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•TiO2-boron nitride (BN) nanocomposites were effective for photocatalytic oxidation.•Multi-analytical methods were used to study degradation mechanism and intermediates.•Ibuprofen degradation involves adsorption to catalysts and photocatalytic oxidation.•Increase of BN in catalysts facilitated oxidation of ibuprofen and intermediates.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Salmonella is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Patterns of salmonellosis have been linked to weather events. However, there is a dearth of data regarding the association between ...extreme events and risk of salmonellosis, and how this risk may disproportionately impact coastal communities.
We obtained Salmonella case data from the Maryland Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (2002–2012), and weather data from the National Climatic Data Center (1960–2012). We developed exposure metrics related to extreme temperature and precipitation events using a 30year baseline (1960–1989) and linked them with county-level salmonellosis data. Data were analyzed using negative binomial Generalized Estimating Equations.
We observed a 4.1% increase in salmonellosis risk associated with a 1unit increase in extreme temperature events (incidence rate ratio (IRR):1.041; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.013–1.069). This increase in risk was more pronounced in coastal versus non-coastal areas (5.1% vs 1.5%). Likewise, we observed a 5.6% increase in salmonellosis risk (IRR:1.056; CI:1.035–1.078) associated with a 1unit increase in extreme precipitation events, with the impact disproportionately felt in coastal areas (7.1% vs 3.6%).
To our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence showing that extreme temperature/precipitation events—that are expected to be more frequent and intense in coming decades—are disproportionately impacting coastal communities with regard to salmonellosis. Adaptation strategies need to account for this differential burden, particularly in light of ever increasing coastal populations.
•We investigated association between salmonellosis and extreme events.•Salmonellosis risk is associated with extreme temperature/precipitation events.•Extreme event related salmonellosis disproportionately affects coastal communities.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Regarded as constitutively active enzymes, known to participate in many, diverse biological processes, the intracellular regulation bestowed on the CK1 family of serine/threonine protein kinases is ...critically important, yet poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the known CK1-dependent cellular functions and review the emerging roles of CK1-regulating proteins in these processes. We go on to discuss the advances, limitations and pitfalls that CK1 researchers encounter when attempting to define relationships between CK1 isoforms and their substrates, and the challenges associated with ascertaining the correct physiological CK1 isoform for the substrate of interest. With increasing interest in CK1 isoforms as therapeutic targets, methods of selectively inhibiting CK1 isoform-specific processes is warranted, yet challenging to achieve given their participation in such a vast plethora of signalling pathways. Here, we discuss how one might shut down CK1-specific processes, without impacting other aspects of CK1 biology.
Tobacco use significantly influences the oral microbiome. However, less is known about how different tobacco products specifically impact the oral microbiome over time. To address this knowledge gap, ...we characterized the oral microbiome of cigarette users, smokeless tobacco users, and non-users over 4 months (four time points). Buccal swab and saliva samples (n = 611) were collected from 85 participants. DNA was extracted from all samples and sequencing was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq, targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Cigarette and smokeless tobacco users had more diverse oral bacterial communities, including a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, when compared to non-users. Non-users had a higher relative abundance of Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Oribacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, Rothia, and Veillonella in buccal swab samples, compared to tobacco users. While the most abundant bacterial genera were relatively constant over time, some species demonstrated significant shifts in relative abundance between the first and last time points. In addition, some opportunistic pathogens were detected among tobacco users including Neisseria subflava, Bulleidia moorei and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Overall, our results provide a more holistic understanding of the structure of oral bacterial communities in tobacco users compared to non-users.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Extreme weather events induced by climate change have potential to impact water quality and have received increasing attention from surface water source management perspectives. However, it remains ...unclear how such phenomenon may influence concentration of emerging contaminants (ECs) in surface water that are vital source of irrigation. In the present study, we investigated the impact of high precipitation and ambient temperature on the distribution of ECs in surface water samples (N = 250) from Mid-Atlantic region, collected between 2016 and 2018. We analyzed the water samples using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method. We then investigated how the detection frequencies and concentrations of ten emerging contaminants were influenced by high precipitation and temperature events in the previous day or 7 days prior to the sampling events using a generalized additive model (GAM). We observed that heavy rainfalls occurring within 24 h before sampling increased the concentration/likelihood of detection of the ECs in surface waters, likely due to surface runoffs, remobilization from soil/sediment and sewage overflows. The impact of high precipitation during previous seven days varied across chemicals. Likewise, the detection frequency and concentration of most analytes increased with increasing temperature, in previous day of sampling event, likely due to enhanced solubility in water. Long-term high temperature events appeared to decrease the detection of the most tested ECs probably due to enhanced degradation. However, the potential risk of unknown degradation products cannot be ignored. Our results indicate potential decline of water quality after extreme weather events which may have implications for water source management under changing climate.
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•Impact of rainfall/temperature on emerging contaminant (EC) was studied.•Heavy rainfalls one day prior to sampling increased the detection of ECs.•High temperature one day prior sampling increased the detection of ECs.•Long term elevated temperature decreased EC levels likely due to degradation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Iron-oxyhydroxides are common in lake sediments, typically forming in oxidizing conditions near the sediment-water interface. However, in the mine-tailings-impacted sediment delta at Long Lake near ...Sudbury, Ontario, diagenetic Fe-oxyhydroxides are formed in suboxic-anoxic conditions. Geochemical and mineralogical techniques were applied to investigate the diagenetic transformations of tailings-derived oxidation products following burial in the sediment delta. Two sets of vertical cores were collected, one from a shallow-water location in the sediment delta near the lake shore and the other from a deeper-water location, approximately 90 m north from the mouth of the active channel. One core from each location was sectioned in the field into 0.1 m intervals using an anaerobic globe bag and porewater was extracted for aqueous geochemical analysis. The second core from each location was dried anaerobically and sub-sampled for solid-phase geochemical and mineralogical analyses. The aqueous concentrations of As, Fe, and SO4 are elevated near the sediment-water interface at both locations but at the shallow location they decline to the lowest observed concentrations at depth in the natural sediment. The decline in their concentrations may be enhanced by bacterial SO4 reduction and precipitation of Fe- and As-sulfides which were observed in mineralogical analysis. The mine-impacted sediment consists of numerous fragments of tailings-derived ferric-arsenate-cemented crusts. Compared to the cemented crusts that occur in the tailings, these fragments exhibit partial-dissolution features and SEM-EDS analyses demonstrate that they have relatively low As/Fe ratios, suggesting the occurrence of selective As(V) dissolution during diagenesis. Diagenetic Fe-oxyhydroxides occur throughout the mine-impacted sediment, including zones that contain diagenetic Fe- and As-sulfides, suggesting they may have formed in suboxic-anoxic conditions. They occur proximal to, but separate from, the fragments of tailings-derived crusts and display diverse morphologies, including what may be a previously unreported spherulitic form. Individual Fe-oxyhydroxides range in size from nm to μm but they mostly occur in delicate clusters suggesting they are autochthonous. Compared to the cemented crusts from the tailings, they contain very small amounts of As. Analysis of one spherule indicates it contains lepidocrocite microcrystals with amorphous SiO2.nH2O in the interstitial spaces. The microcrystals contain a mixture of Fe(III) and Fe(II), with Fe(III)/ΣFe = approximately 0.8. We interpret them to have formed by burst nucleation from Fe(III)-supersaturated solution, with subsequent aggregation of crystallites to form spherules.
•As dissolves preferentially from tailings-derived ferric-arsenate in lake sediment.•Diagenetic Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides form in suboxic to anoxic conditions.•Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides display spherulitic texture.•Lepidocrocite microcrystals contain a mixture of Fe(III) and Fe(II).
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The conventional one-size-fits-all approach has been criticized for almost all drugs used especially for chronic diseases, including gout. The present study was aimed to explore the need of ...individualization and optimization of the dose of anti-gout medications among gout patients. Cross-sectional study was carried out among 384 randomly selected new gout patients visiting two gout treatment centers at Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal and who were taking antigout medications. Patients not taking anti-gout medications and not showing willingness to participate were excluded. The eGFR was calculated with the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation (2009). Doses to be individualized were decided based on the Renal Drug Handbook and verified with the BNF 80. Data were analyzed via R 4.0.3 by applying the multinomial logistic regression to analyze statistical significance of risk with various predictors, and considering a p-value <0.05 statistically significant. Comorbidities were coded as per the ICD-11 coding and medicines were coded according to the WHO Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment 2020. The high risk of progression to CKD increased in the age range 54-63 and greater than or equal to84 years by 17.77 and 43.02 times, respectively. Also, high risk increased by 29.83 and 20.2 times for the overweight and the obese respectively. Aceclofenac 100mg was prescribed for maximum patients (30.5%). Need of dose individualization was realized in 30 patients, with maximum (7) in case of etoricoxib 90mg. Various glucocorticoids were prescribed for 36.9% patients, out of whom 3.8%required dose individualization and 15.9% patients with xanthine oxidase inhibitors, out of whom 1.3% required dose individualization. Thirty cases required dose individualization, which was although minimal but could have meaningful impact on the clinical success of the individual patient. Based on the recommendation on dose individualization, those patients could be optimized on their therapy on future follow ups.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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