Of mitochondrion and COVID-19 Alfarouk, Khalid Omer; Alhoufie, Sari T. S.; Hifny, Abdelhameed ...
Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry,
01/2021, Volume:
36, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
COVID-19, a pandemic disease caused by a viral infection, is associated with a high mortality rate. Most of the signs and symptoms, e.g. cytokine storm, electrolytes imbalances, thromboembolism, ...etc., are related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, targeting mitochondrion will represent a more rational treatment of COVID-19. The current work outlines how COVID-19's signs and symptoms are related to the mitochondrion. Proper understanding of the underlying causes might enhance the opportunity to treat COVID-19.
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is one of the key metabolic pathways occurring in living cells to produce energy and maintain cellular homeostasis. Cancer cells have higher cytoplasmic ...utilization of glucose (glycolysis), even in the presence of oxygen; this is known as the "Warburg Effect". However, cytoplasmic glucose utilization can also occur in cancer through the PPP. This pathway contributes to cancer cells by operating in many different ways: (i) as a defense mechanism via the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to prevent apoptosis, (ii) as a provision for the maintenance of energy by intermediate glycolysis, (iii) by increasing genomic material to the cellular pool of nucleic acid bases, (iv) by promoting survival through increasing glycolysis, and so increasing acid production, and (v) by inducing cellular proliferation by the synthesis of nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid. Each step of the PPP can be upregulated in some types of cancer but not in others. An interesting aspect of this metabolic pathway is the shared regulation of the glycolytic and PPP pathways by intracellular pH (pHi). Indeed, as with glycolysis, the optimum activity of the enzymes driving the PPP occurs at an alkaline pHi, which is compatible with the cytoplasmic pH of cancer cells. Here, we outline each step of the PPP and discuss its possible correlation with cancer.
Cancer cells and tissues have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics driven by a combination of poor vascular perfusion, regional hypoxia, and increased the flux of carbons through ...fermentative glycolysis. This leads to extracellular acidosis and intracellular alkalinization. Dysregulated pH dynamics influence cancer cell biology, from cell transformation and tumorigenesis to proliferation, local growth, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, this dysregulated intracellular pH (pHi) drives a metabolic shift to increased aerobic glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, referred to as the Warburg effect, or Warburg metabolism, which is a selective feature of cancer. This metabolic reprogramming confers a thermodynamic advantage on cancer cells and tissues by protecting them against oxidative stress, enhancing their resistance to hypoxia, and allowing a rapid conversion of nutrients into biomass to enable cell proliferation. Indeed, most cancers have increased glucose uptake and lactic acid production. Furthermore, cancer cells have very dysregulated electrolyte balances, and in the interaction of the pH dynamics with electrolyte, dynamics is less well known. In this review, we highlight the interconnected roles of dysregulated pH dynamics and electrolytes imbalance in cancer initiation, progression, adaptation, and in determining the programming and reprogramming of tumor cell metabolism.
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Within the framework of effective mass theory, we investigate the effects of spin-orbit interaction (SOI) and Zeeman splitting on the electronic properties of an electron confined in GaAs single ...quantum rings. Energies and envelope wavefunctions in the system are determined by solving the Schrödinger equation via the finite element method. First, we consider an inversely quadratic model potential to describe electron confining profiles in a single quantum ring. The study also analyzes the influence of applied electric and magnetic fields. Solutions for eigenstates are then used to evaluate the linear inter-state light absorption coefficient through the corresponding resonant transition energies and electric dipole matrix moment elements, assuming circular polarization for the incident radiation. Results show that both SOI effects and Zeeman splitting reduce the absorption intensity for the considered transitions compared to the case when these interactions are absent. In addition, the magnitude and position of the resonant peaks have non-monotonic behavior with external magnetic fields. Secondly, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of the electron confined in the quantum ring with a topological defect in the structure; the results show that the crossings in the energy curves as a function of the magnetic field are eliminated, and, therefore, an improvement in transition energies occurs. In addition, the dipole matrix moments present a non-oscillatory behavior compared to the case when a topological defect is not considered.
A
BSTRACT
Background:
E-max is a more aesthetic material than traditional zirconia. In addition, the bond strength of traditional zirconia with adhesive cements is lower. There are not enough studies ...on how the aesthetic values and bond strength of 5-YZP, the new generation zirconia, compare to e-max and traditional zirconia. Can 5-YZP be an alternative to e-max in terms of aesthetics and bond strength?
Aim:
The aim of the study is to compare the translucency property and bonding ability of 5y-zp zirconias with previous generation zirconias and lithium disilicate.
Materials and Methods:
Two types of zirconia Katana UT and Katana HT for measuring translucency values; and using a type of lithium disilicate IPS e.max CAD LT, three groups were formed (
n
= 10). Translucency specimens were fabricated (
n
= 10). Their L*a*b* values were measured against a black-and-white background with a spectrophotometer, and DE00 was calculated. To perform micro-shear tests, a cylinder design was made from zirconia and IPS e.max CAD blocks (
n
= 20). After the samples were aged by thermal cycle, the micro-shear test was applied to specimens cemented to teeth extracted with two different adhesive cement systems.
Results:
According to the results of one-way analysis of variance, a statistically significant difference was found between the translucency parameter (TP) values of the groups. According to Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) multiple comparisons, the values of the three groups are statistically different from each other. Although IPS e.max CAD group has the highest TP values, the Katana HT group has the lowest values.
Conclusion:
5Y-PZ has a TP intermediate to those of 3Y-TZP and lithium disilicate. Long-term bond strength of 3Y-TZP and 5Y-ZP were similar to those of lithium disilicate. To be an alternative to glass ceramics in the anterior region, translucency and bond strength values need to be improved.
AMoRE is an international project to search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of
100
Mo
using a detection technology consisting of magnetic microcalorimeters (MMCs) and molybdenum-based ...scintillating crystals. Data collection has begun for the current AMORE-I phase of the project, an upgrade from the previous pilot phase. AMoRE-I employs thirteen
48
depl
.
Ca
100
MoO
4
crystals and five
Li
2
100
MoO
4
crystals for a total crystal mass of 6.2 kg. Each detector module contains a scintillating crystal with two MMC channels for heat and light detection. We report the present status of the experiment and the performance of the detector modules.
Abstract
Among the mangroves area on the north coast of Makassar are in Lantebung and Untia. The mangrove area is denominated as an ecotourism protected area based on community empowerment and ...sustainable tourism. As a coastal area that has potential resource, it needs to be managed so that the resource remains sustainable even though they are used optimally. The purpose of this study as to analyse the status of the sustainability of mangrove management in Lantebung and Untia. Analysis of mangrove management sustainability in Lantebung and Untia using Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) method with Rap-Mforest approach modified from Rapfish. The result of the analysis show that the mangrove area management sustainability index in Lantebung and Untia is in the moderate sustainable category for the ecological dimension. Meanwhile, in the socio-economic and institutional dimensions, Lantebung was included in the moderate sustainable category and Untia was included in the less sustainable category. The Monte Carlo analysis method shows that the sustainability index is classified as good and acceptable because the stress value is less than 25%.
Replication is a fundamental aspect of cancer, and replication is about reproducing all the elements and structures that form a cell. Among them are DNA, RNA, enzymes, and coenzymes. All the DNA is ...doubled during each S (synthesis) cell cycle phase. This means that six billion nucleic acids must be synthesized in each cycle. Tumor growth, proliferation, and mutations all depend on this synthesis. Cancer cells require a constant supply of nucleotides and other macromolecules. For this reason, they must stimulate de novo nucleotide synthesis to support nucleic acid provision. When deregulated, de novo nucleic acid synthesis is controlled by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that enable increased synthesis and cell proliferation. Furthermore, cell duplication must be achieved swiftly (in a few hours) and in the midst of a nutrient-depleted and hypoxic environment. This also means that the enzymes participating in nucleic acid synthesis must work efficiently. pH is a critical factor in enzymatic efficiency and speed. This review will show that the enzymatic machinery working in nucleic acid synthesis requires a pH on the alkaline side in most cases. This coincides with many other pro-tumoral factors, such as the glycolytic phenotype, benefiting from an increased intracellular pH. An increased intracellular pH is a perfect milieu for high de novo nucleic acid production through optimal enzymatic performance.
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In this study, the thermal decomposition of zircon magnetic tailing has been conducted to remove phosphate using a roasting process with Na
2
CO
3
and water leaching. The research on zircon magnetic ...tailing processing, which contained monazite, xenotime, zircon, anatase, rutile and cerianite, aimed to test the effectiveness of roasting techniques for phosphate decomposition so that REE can be easily extracted. The optimal conditions to ensure phosphate recovery up to 93.27% were determined. In this condition, zircon and xenotime minerals are still confirmed in the roasting products using Na
2
CO
3
.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
10.
Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19 Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M. ...
Journal of xenobiotics,
05/2021, Volume:
11, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards ...altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.
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