The scientific explorations of nanoparticles for their inherent therapeutic potencies as antimicrobial and antiviral agents due to increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance have gained more ...attention in recent time. This factor amongst others necessitates the search for newer and more effective antimicrobial agents. Several investigations have demonstrated the prospects of nanoparticles in the treatment of various microbial infections. The therapeutic applications of nanoparticles as either delivery agent or broad spectrum inhibition agents in viral and microbial investigations can no longer be overlooked. Their large surface area to volume ratio made them an indispensable substance as delivery agents in many respect. Various materials have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles with unique properties channelised to meet specific therapeutic requirement. This review focuses on the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral potential of nanoparticles with their probable mechanism of action.
Bacteria; Fungi; Virus; Nanoparticles; Anti-microbial therapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Novel green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from low cost copper sulphate using Impatiens balsamina leaf extract and subsequent characterizations.•Photo-induced degradation of ...toxic textile dyes using nano-copper as photocatalyst and their kinetics study.•Harmful mercury detection in water by these biogenic copper nanoparticles followed by determination of least detectable concentration of Hg2+ i.e. as small as 1ppm here.
Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been proved as a simple, biocompatible, low cost and green alternative to standard chemical and physical procedures. In this study, we present an unexplored single-step and green process for preparing copper nanoparticles from copper sulphate solution featuring leaf extract of Impatiens balsamina along with the study of its photocatalytic activity and ability for instant mercury detection. Standard characterization techniques like ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffracion (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) etc. were used to verify the production, crystallinity and morphology of biogenic copper nanoparticles. Most importantly, the photocatalytic properties and mercury sensing abilities of these nanoparticles were studied under practical conditions. The effective photocatalytic and mercury detecting properties coupled with economical viability and low-toxicity can make these copper nanoparticles an appealing choice for wastewater management systems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented challenge for the researchers to offer safe, tolerable, and effective treatment strategies for its causative agent known as SARS-CoV-2. With the ...rapid evolution of the pandemic, even the off-label use of existing drugs has been restricted by limited availability. Several old antivirals, antimalarial, and biological drugs are being reconsidered as possible therapies. The effectiveness of the controversial treatment options for COVID-19 such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, angiotensin 2 conversion enzyme inhibitors and selective angiotensin receptor blockers was also discussed. A systemic search in the PubMed, Science Direct, LitCovid, Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov data bases was conducted using the keywords “coronavirus drug therapy,” passive immunotherapy for COVID-19’, “convalescent plasma therapy,” (CPT) “drugs for COVID-19 treatment,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “2019-nCoV,” “coronavirus immunology,” “microbiology,” “virology,” and individual drug names. Systematic reviews, case presentations and very recent clinical guidelines were included. This narrative review summarizes the available information on possible therapies for COVID-19, providing recent data to health professionals.
•Tunnel FET for Analog and RF applications.•Tunnel FET for different lateral straggle.•Tunnel FET for circuit applications.
In this work, the effect of the variation in lateral straggle on TFETs ...performance is demonstrated. The ion implantation technique during fabrication process causes the extension of dopants from source/drain region towards the channel. Even though the use of non-zero tilt angle at the time of ion implantation is necessary to avoid the channeling effect, however, series resistance, threshold voltage roll offs, switching speed and effective channel length of the device get affected by the non abrupt doping profile at the source/drain-body junction. It is established earlier that TFET is very convenient for Analog/RF application owing to its below 60mV/decade subthreshold swing and reduced short channel effects. In order to show the effect of lateral straggle on TFET’s performance, various Analog figure of merits (FOMs) such as drain current (Id), transconductance (gm), transconductance generation factor (gm/Id), output resistance (Ro), intrinsic gain (gmRo) and RF figure of merits (FOMs) like unity gain cutoff frequency (fT), transit frequency of maximum available power gain (fMAX) are investigated for the variation in straggle parameter from 0nm to 5nm in order to optimize the device performance. The circuit performance of the device for different lateral straggle is carried out using common source amplifier.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is considered to have superior device performance compared with DG-metal–oxide–semiconductor FET in terms of reduced off-state current and lower subthreshold ...swing. However, performance of a device solely depends on the accuracy in the fabrication process. This work presents a systematic methodology in small-signal-radio-frequency (RF) and linearity domain to analyse the effect of variation in lateral straggle caused by the variation tilt angle during ion implantation process. From previously published researches, it is intuitively established fact that the accurate evaluation of intrinsic components and estimation of linearity in short channel devices is crucial to access the range of application of the device. In this work, the authors have investigated the RF intrinsic parameter performances of a silicon double gate TFET having variation in lateral straggle from 1 to 5 nm. This study includes the analysis of non-quasi-static RF bias-dependent parameters such as intrinsic capacitances (Cgs, Cgd), gate-to-drain intrinsic resistance (Rgd) and intrinsic time delay (τ). Similarly, the device linearity and reliability are investigated here in terms of higher-order transconductances (gm2 and gm3), VIP2, VIP3, IMD3, IIP3 and 1 dB compression point.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A new tubular field effect transistor (FET) device named silicon nanotube tunnel field effect transistor (Si-NTTFET) has been proposed which is emerged out of structural engineering and the gate ...dielectric engineering. The proposed structure offers better immunity towards short channel effects (SCEs) because of the combined effect of minimal doping at the drain side and control of channel region due to the double gate. The tunnelling probability is also improved due to narrow energy band variation. The high k dielectric material such as ${\rm Hf}{\rm O}_2$HfO2 enhances the ON current by a factor of 3 and 14 as compared to ${\rm S}{\rm i}_ 3{\rm N}_4$Si3N4 and ${\rm Si}{\rm O}_2$SiO2 gate dielectric, respectively.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The harmonic distortions (HDs) of a rectangular gate-all-around (GAA) junctionless (JL) field-effect transistor (FET) are analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) analytical modeling. The potential ...function
ψ
(
x
,
y
,
z
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of the device is derived based on the semianalytical dimension-based weighted-sum approximation approach. This method eliminates the complex mathematical computations of conventional 3D analysis and, at the same time, provides an alternate solution that yields good accuracy. The effect of flexible depletion lengths in the OFF-state is also taken into consideration, by solving biquadratic equations. The expression for the drain current is derived considering the above-mentioned potential function. Moreover, with this current expression, the harmonic distortions are evaluated and analyzed for reliable low-power applications. The proposed model is validated by comparing the analytical results with simulated data obtained from the 3D ATLAS device simulator. In addition, the output and harmonic characteristics of a cascode amplifier designed using GAA JL FETs are studied in detail.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This paper presents an analytical modeling of a separated gate underlap graded N-channel FET to assess the short-channel effects. A 2D modeling scheme is employed to derive its surface potential, ...threshold voltage, subthreshold current and DIBL. The proposed structure includes four regions, and the potential function for each region is developed from solution of Poisson’s Equation using appropriate approximations. In order to estimate surface potential of the device, parabolic approximation scheme with geometrical approach is used in channel region to cater the influence of independently biased gates, while in source/drain underlap regions, conformal mapping is employed for the fringing field estimation. The study suggests that the independent gate bias, channel doping concentrations, spacer and other device parameters viz. underlap length, gate work function, gate oxide thickness etc. are efficacious in modulating the threshold voltage, subthreshold current and DIBL. The analytical results are compared with those obtained from TCAD device simulator, and found to match very closely. Moreover, the analytical solutions also follow the similar nature of variations as appeared in other experimental reports.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In this paper, analytical modeling of a Dielectric Modulated Double Gate Field Effect Transistor (DM-DGFET) for biosensing application is presented with extensive data analysis. Firstly, the size of ...the nanogaps and arrangements of biomolecules in those gaps are optimized with respect to the sensitivity of the above sensor. The optimized DM-DGFET is next analyzed on the basis of its modeling and simulation. This paper addresses novel issues arising from arrangements of biomolecules, especially from practical point of view. Effect of probe placement due to steric hindrance and random nature of biomolecules, are also considered. The capacitances associated with the nanogaps occupied by biomolecules, following various arrangements, are modeled. Expressions of the threshold voltage, drain current and its sensitivity in terms of variations are also derived using the capacitance model. A comparative study of the proposed and the existing architectures is made. The influence of process variation on the sensitivity of the sensor is also studied. The results from the proposed analytical model are validated with the simulated data obtained from TCAD device simulator. In conclusion, the proposed DM-DGFET based biosensor architecture will emerge as an optimal model, very useful for the study on this field in future.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Rheumatic diseases and disorders (RDDs) are a group of chronic autoimmune diseases that are collectively called "multicausal diseases". They have resulted from predisposing genetic profiles and ...exposure to a range of environmental, occupational and lifestyle risk factors. Other causative factors include bacterial and viral attacks, sexual habits, trauma, etc. In addition, numerous studies reported that redox imbalance is one of the most serious consequences of RDDs. For example, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a classic example of chronic RDDs is linked to oxidative stress. This paper summarizes the contributions of redox imbalance to RDDs. The findings suggest that establishing direct or indirect therapeutic strategies for RDDs requires a more in-depth understanding of the redox dysregulation in these diseases. For example, the recent awareness of the roles of peroxiredoxins (Prdxs, e.g. Prdx2, Prdx3) in RDDs provided one potential route of therapeutic intervention of these pathologies. Changes in stressful lifestyles and dietary habits may also provide additional benefits in the management of RDDs. Future studies should be directed to explore molecular interactions in redox regulations associated with RDDS and potential therapeutic interventions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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