Detecting 3D symmetry is important for the human visual system because many objects in our everyday life are 3D symmetrical. Many are 3D mirror-symmetrical and others are 3D rotational-symmetrical. ...But note that their retinal images are 2D symmetrical only in degenerate views. It has been suggested that a human observer can detect 3D mirror-symmetry even from a 2D retinal image of a 3D mirror-symmetrical pair of contours. There are model-based invariants of the 3D mirror-symmetrical pair of contours in the retinal image and there are additional invariant features when the contours are individually planar. There are also model-based invariants of a 3D rotational-symmetrical pair of contours. These invariant features of 3D mirror-symmetry and rotational-symmetry are analogous to one another but the features of 3D rotational-symmetry are computationally more difficult than the features of 3D mirror-symmetry. Experiment 1 showed that only 3D mirror-symmetry could be detected reliably while the detection of 3D rotational-symmetry was close to chance-level. Experiment 2 showed that the detection of 3D mirror-symmetry is partly based on the model-based invariants of 3D mirror-symmetry and the planarity of the contours. These results show that the visual system has evolved to favour the perception of 3D mirror-symmetry.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Although numerous genetic studies have been conducted for bipolar disorder (BD), its genetic architecture remains elusive. Here we perform, to the best of our knowledge, the first trio-based exome ...sequencing study for BD to investigate potential roles of de novo mutations in the disease etiology. We identified 71 de novo point mutations and one de novo copy-number mutation in 79 BD probands. Among the genes hit by de novo loss-of-function (LOF; nonsense, splice site or frameshift) or protein-altering (LOF, missense and inframe indel) mutations, we found significant enrichment of genes highly intolerant (first percentile of intolerant genes assessed by Residual Variation Intolerance Score) to protein-altering variants in general population, an observation that is also reported in autism and schizophrenia. When we performed a joint analysis using the data of schizoaffective disorder in published studies, we found global enrichment of de novo LOF and protein-altering mutations in the combined group of bipolar I and schizoaffective disorders. Considering relationship between de novo mutations and clinical phenotypes, we observed significantly earlier disease onset among the BD probands with de novo protein-altering mutations when compared with non-carriers. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes hit by de novo protein-altering mutations in bipolar I and schizoaffective disorders did not identify any significant enrichment. These results of exploratory analyses collectively point to the roles of de novo LOF and protein-altering mutations in the etiology of bipolar disorder and warrant further large-scale studies.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The numbers of lattice defects formed by applying cyclic prestress with/without hydrogen for various numbers of cycles and strain rates during cyclic prestress were compared for tempered martensitic ...steel. A tensile test was also carried out to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility following the application of cyclic prestress. The results showed that when cyclic prestress was applied without hydrogen, the number of cycles and strain rate had no apparent effect on mechanical properties and fracture morphology at the time of the subsequent tensile test. In contrast, when cyclic prestress was applied with hydrogen, the fracture strain and fracture stress decreased with an increasing number of prestress cycles and a decreasing strain rate, and the fracture morphology exhibited brittle fracture, signifying an increase in hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility at the time of the tensile test. The number of hydrogen-enhanced lattice defects also increased with increasing number of cycles and a decreasing strain rate was found when cyclic prestress was applied with hydrogen. These results indicate a correlation between hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility and the number of hydrogen-enhanced lattice defects. The kinds of increased hydrogen-enhanced lattice defects were probably vacancies and vacancy clusters formed by the interactions between hydrogen and dislocation movement during the application of cyclic prestress. The vacancies and vacancy clusters formed during the application of cyclic prestress with hydrogen presumably caused intergranular fracture and increased hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
ABSTRACT We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations from the 2014 Long Baseline Campaign in dust continuum and spectral line emission from the HL Tau region. The ...continuum images at wavelengths of 2.9, 1.3, and 0.87 mm have unprecedented angular resolutions of 0 075 (10 AU) to 0 025 (3.5 AU), revealing an astonishing level of detail in the circumstellar disk surrounding the young solar analog HL Tau, with a pattern of bright and dark rings observed at all wavelengths. By fitting ellipses to the most distinct rings, we measure precise values for the disk inclination ( ) and position angle We obtain a high-fidelity image of the 1.0 mm spectral index ( ), which ranges from in the optically thick central peak and two brightest rings, increasing to 2.3-3.0 in the dark rings. The dark rings are not devoid of emission, and we estimate a grain emissivity index of 0.8 for the innermost dark ring and lower for subsequent dark rings, consistent with some degree of grain growth and evolution. Additional clues that the rings arise from planet formation include an increase in their central offsets with radius and the presence of numerous orbital resonances. At a resolution of 35 AU, we resolve the molecular component of the disk in HCO+ (1-0) which exhibits a pattern over LSR velocities from 2-12 km s−1 consistent with Keplerian motion around a ∼1.3 star, although complicated by absorption at low blueshifted velocities. We also serendipitously detect and resolve the nearby protostars XZ Tau (A/B) and LkH 358 at 2.9 mm.
There remain liver-related safety concerns, regarding potential hepatotoxicity in humans, induced by green tea intake, despite being supposedly beneficial. Although many randomized controlled trials ...(RCTs) of green tea extracts have been reported in the literature, the systematic reviews published to date were only based on subjective assessment of case reports. To more objectively examine the liver-related safety of green tea intake, we conducted a systematic review of published RCTs. A systematic literature search was conducted using three databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) in December 2013 to identify RCTs of green tea extracts. Data on liver-related adverse events, including laboratory test abnormalities, were abstracted from the identified articles. Methodological quality of RCTs was assessed. After excluding duplicates, 561 titles and abstracts and 119 full-text articles were screened, and finally 34 trials were identified. Of these, liver-related adverse events were reported in four trials; these adverse events involved seven subjects (eight events) in the green tea intervention group and one subject (one event) in the control group. The summary odds ratio, estimated using a meta-analysis method for sparse event data, for intervention compared with placebo was 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.5-9.8). The few events reported in both groups were elevations of liver enzymes. Most were mild, and no serious liver-related adverse events were reported. Results of this review, although not conclusive, suggest that liver-related adverse events after intake of green tea extracts are expected to be rare.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
The relation of zinc (Zn) nutriture to brain development and function has been elucidated. The purpose of this study is to examine whether Zn supplementation improves mood states in young women. The ...study used a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled procedure. The major outcomes were psychological measures, somatic symptoms and serum Zn. Thirty women were placed randomly and in equal numbers into two groups, and they ingested one capsule containing multivitamins (MVs) or MV and 7 mg Zn daily for 10 weeks. Women who took MV and Zn showed a significant reduction in anger–hostility score (P=0.009) and depression–dejection score (P=0.011) in the Profile of Moods State (POMS) and a significant increase in serum Zn concentration (P=0.008), whereas women who took only MV did not. Our results suggest that Zn supplementation may be effective in reducing anger and depression.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Through numerical simulations, it is predicted that the gravitational waves (GWs) reflect the characteristics of the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosion mechanism. There are multiple GW ...excitation processes that occur inside a star before its explosion, and it is suggested that the GWs originating from the CCSN have a mode for each excitation process in terms of time-frequency representation. Therefore, we propose an application of the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), which is a high-resolution time-frequency analysis method, to analyze these GW modes for theoretically probing and increasing our understanding of the explosion mechanism. The HHT defines frequency as a function of time, and is not bound by the trade-off between time and frequency resolutions. In this study, we analyze a gravitational waveform obtained from a three-dimensional general-relativistic CCSN model that showed a vigorous activity of the standing-accretion-shock-instability (SASI). We succeed in extracting the SASI induced GWs with high resolution on a time-frequency representation using the HHT and we examine their instantaneous frequencies.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
We present an overview of recent developments in the fabrication and uses of colloidal crystals (CCs) for photonics and laser applications. Microparticles with a diameter in the range from 10 nm to ...10 μm often have an intrinsic capability to spontaneously organize themselves from a colloidal suspension into 3D lattice structures. Such highly ordered 3D architectures of microparticles are called colloidal crystals (CCs). The CC structures have received tremendous attention as one of the facile and high‐throughput fabrication techniques of photonic crystals (PCs). We introduce here interesting precedents not only of diverse techniques of high‐quality CC structures, but also of their versatile applications in optical sensors responding to various external stimuli. This review also highlights a new potential use of the CCs as low‐threshold laser devices. We believe that a wide variety of CC architectures will play leading roles in the next generation of optoelectronic devices.
An overview of recent developments in the fabrication and uses of colloidal crystals (CCs) for photonics and laser applications is presented. Microparticles with a diameter in the range from 10 nm to 10 µm often have an intrinsic capability to spontaneously organize themselves from a colloidal suspension into 3D lattice structures. The CC structures have received tremendous attention as one of the facile and high‐throughput fabrication techniques of photonic crystals. Examples are presented not only of diverse techniques of high‐quality CC structures, but also of their versatile applications in optical sensors responding to various external stimuli.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
High-power density is required in power conversion systems used in various applications, especially in electric vehicles. Driving the power devices with high frequency is one of the successful ...solutions to downsize a circuit's magnetic components, and hence an overall high-power density of the circuit can be realised. Therefore, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is widely used in many applications, owing to its high-speed switching characteristics, low power losses, and high heat and radiation resistances. However, the high-speed switching of GaN HEMT comes with a drawback. For instance, in a full-bridge inverter configuration, high-speed turn-on of one device may cause a false turn-on of the complementary device. If a power device has encountered a false turn-on, the GaN HEMT devices will suffer from overcurrent, excessive heat and is eventually destructed due to the short circuit. This phenomenon can be tackled by modifying the circuit conditions. In this Letter, the theoretical analysis of a three-phase full-bridge inverter is developed to figure out the behaviour of the GaN HEMT gate voltage, which is the key-factor parameter causing a false turn-on. On the basis of the proposed theoretical analysis, the circuit conditions which minimise the gate voltage spike are derived.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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