We have identified circulation of 3 genogroups of enterovirus (EV) A71 in India. A new genogroup (proposed designation G) was discovered during this study. We isolated genogroups D and G in wide ...geographic areas but detected subgenogroup C1 only in 1 focus in western India. A systematic nationwide search for EV-A71 is warranted.
Full text
Available for:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) associated Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting children in Asia–Pacific region and has become a major threat to ...public health. Although several EV-A71 genotypes (C, D, and G) were isolated in India in recent years, no recognizable outbreak of EV-A71 caused HFMD, Acute Flaccid paralysis (AFP) or encephalitis have been reported so far. It is essential to study the pathogenicity or cell tropism of these Indian isolates in order to understand their tendency to cause disease. We investigated the susceptibility and cytokine responses of indigenous EV-A71 genotypes (D and G) isolated from cases of AFP and genotype C viruses isolated from cases of HFMD and encephalitis, in human cells in-vitro. Although all three EV-A71 genotypes could infect and replicate in human muscle and neuronal cells, the genotype D virus showed a delayed response in human neuronal cells. Quantification of cytokine secretion in response to these isolates followed by confirmation with gene expression assays in human neuronal cells revealed significantly higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α IL-8, IL-6, IP-10 (
p
< 0.001) in G genotype infected cells as compared to pathogenic C genotypes whereas the genotype D virus could not induce any of the inflammatory cytokines. These findings will help to better understand the host response to indigenous EV-A71 genotypes for management of future EV-A71 outbreaks in India, if any.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
An outbreak of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) was reported in Navi Mumbai in July-October 2018. Of 15 HFMD cases, two had recurrences within a month while three had lesions extending to trunk. ...Coxsackie virus A6 and A16 were detected from 13 cases (CV-A6 from 10 cases and CV-A16 from 3 cases) indicating co-circulation of these viruses.. The present study highlights an urgent need of HFMD surveillance.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Introduction: Globally, Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. Majority of diarrhoeal illness in childhood are of viral ...aetiology. In the era of Rotavirus vaccine, Norovirus is emerging as an important cause of AGE in children. Aim: To evaluate the aetiology of diarrhoea in children of South Mumbai. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out during July 2013 at a tertiary care hospital and research centre for evaluating diarrhoea in children ≤12 years of age. Clinical details of the patients were recorded on a case record form. Severity of disease was assessed by the modified Vesikari scoring pattern. Stool samples were collected from outpatients and inpatients. Stool routine microscopy and culture were done at tertiary care hospital. Aliquots of stool samples were tested at the Research Centre for Rota Virus, Adenovirus, Norovirus and Enterovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 51 patients were included in the study. Of these, 45.10% (23/51) were positive for viruses by real time PCR. Routine stool culture was positive for only one patient for E. coli O157. One patient had Entamoeba histolytica infection. Of 23 patients positive for viral aetiology, Norovirus was detected in 41.18% (21/51). Of the Norovirus positive children, 42.85% were ≤1 year of age. Diarrhoea followed by fever was the most common presentation. Among the Norovirus positive children, 33.33% (7/21) had moderately severe disease while 66.66 % (14/21) had mild disease. Conclusion: Norovirus was the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in the children included in the study. This study emphasizes the need to include Norovirus in the routine diagnostic algorithm of children with AGE and paves the way for syndromic approach based testing.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), abnormal skin pigmentation, short stature, and increased cancer risk. BMF in FA is ...multifactorial and largely results from the death of hematopoietic stem cells due to genomic instability. Also, inflammatory pathology in FA has been previously reported, however the mechanism is still not clear. In literature, decreased NK-cell count and/or impaired NK-cell activity, along with other immunological abnormalities have been described in FA-patients (1). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing a defective degranulation mechanism leading to abnormal NK-cell cytotoxicity in FA-patients, which may explain the development of a hyperinflammatory response in these patients. This may predispose some patients to develop Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which manifests with prolonged fever, progressive cytopenias and organomegaly. Early diagnosis and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy in these patients will help to better manage these patients. We also propose FA genes to be listed as a cause of familial HLH.
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is caused by multiple Enterovirus (EV) serotypes mainly coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). Recurrent HFMD ...infections are rarely reported. An unusual rise in HFMD cases was reported in Mumbai during May–June 2018. Stool and throat swab specimens were referred from seven children from two hospitals for laboratory diagnosis. The age group of cases ranged from 9 months to 5 years with median age 13 months. Out of seven cases, three were males and four females. One 13-month-old female case was reported twice within 21 days. Stool, throat swab specimens were tested by pan enterovirus RT-PCR and also by virus isolation using human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line for detection of Enteroviruses. Out of seven HFMD cases, CV-A6 and CV-A16 viruses were isolated from five and two cases respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of CV-A6 viruses showed their similarity with CV-A6 viruses from Finland and China, whereas the two CV-A16 isolates showed similarity with those from Japan, France, China, Sarawak and Thailand. For the recurrent HFMD case, CV-A6 and CV-A16 were isolated from the stool specimens collected during the first and second episodes, respectively. There are no reports of isolation and molecular characterization of CV-A6 and CV-A16 viruses from recurrent HFMD cases. The present study reports molecular characterization of two Enterovirus serotypes CV-A6 and CV-A16 from a recurrent HFMD case, highlighting need of virological and molecular surveillance of HFMD.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Enteroviruses cause a variety of illnesses of the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences has identified 106 different human ...enteroviruses classified into four enterovirus species within the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. It is likely that not all enterovirus types have been discovered. Between September 2013 and October 2014, stool samples of 6274 apparently healthy children of up to 5 years of age residing in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India were screened for enteroviruses. Virus isolates obtained in RD and Hep-2c cells were identified by complete VP1 sequencing. Enteroviruses were isolated from 3042 samples. A total of 87 different enterovirus types were identified. Two isolates with 71 and 74 % nucleotide sequence similarity to all other known enteroviruses were recognized as novel types. In this paper we report identification and complete genome sequence analysis of these two isolates classified as EV-A114 and EV-A121.
Highlights • 2899 (40%) out of 7285 stool samples were rotavirus positive from 2005 to 2009. • G12 infections rose to 39% in Northern India and to 24% in the Western India. • 8% of rotavirus ...detections had multiple G-types and 3% had multiple P-types.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The present work is an attempt to make a comparative study of the wavelet-based noise reduction algorithm. The algorithm has been developed and implemented in MATLAB GUI and then analyzed for ...different types of wavelets such as Coiflet, Daubechies, Symlet, and Biorthogonal with their different versions. This algorithm has been verified for different types of input signals from different domains. Various statistical aspects like Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are analyzed for this algorithm. It is observed that the developed algorithm for noise reduction using wavelet works very well for different types of wavelets.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) brings a cloud service automation paradigm to demand-driven elastic flexing of infrastructure resources. Thus, it is essential to characterize the impact of ...hardware and virtualization options on the virtual network function (VNF) performance, and on the load on underlying infrastructure. In this paper, we present VNF characterization case studies with three sample open-source VNF platforms, the Clearwater IMS VNF and two intrusion detection system VNFs (Snort and Suricata). We demonstrate that VNF characterization is vital for optimizing VNF performance, as well as efficient utilization of infrastructure resources. We use the lessons learned from our case studies to design and implement a VNF characterization framework, NFV-VITAL, to characterize VNFs based on user preferences and available resources. We demonstrate how NFV-VITAL can automatically determine optimal configurations under different workloads with the three sample VNFs.
PDF
