Assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection is considered a relevant part of patient care and key for decision making.Although liver biopsy has been considered the gold ...standard for staging liver fibrosis,it is an invasive technique and subject to sampling errors and significant intra-and inter-observer variability.Over the last decade,several noninvasive markers were proposed for liver fibrosis diagnosis in chronic HCV infection,with variable performance.Besides the clear advantage of being noninvasive,a more objective interpretation of test results may overcome the mentioned intra-and inter-observer variability of liver biopsy.In addition,these tests can theoretically offer a more accurate view of fibrogenic events occurring in the entire liver with the advantage of providing frequent fibrosis evaluation without additional risk.However,in general,these tests show low accuracy in discriminating between intermediate stages of fibrosis and may be influenced by several hepatic and extrahepatic conditions.These methods are either serum markers(usually combined in a mathematical model)or imaging modalities that can be used separately or combined in algorithms to improve accuracy.In this review we will discuss the different noninvasive methods that are currently available for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C,their advantages,limitations and application in clinical practice.
Liver cirrhosis is often complicated by an immunological imbalance known as cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate disturbances in circulating monocytes and ...dendritic cells in patients with acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis. The sample included 39 adult cirrhotic patients hospitalized for AD, 29 patients with stable cirrhosis (SC), and 30 healthy controls (CTR). Flow cytometry was used to analyze monocyte and dendritic cell subsets in whole blood and quantify cytokines in plasma samples. Cirrhotic groups showed higher frequencies of intermediate monocytes (iMo) than CTR. AD patients had lower percentages of nonclassical monocytes than CTR and SC. Cirrhotic patients had a profound reduction in absolute and relative dendritic cell numbers compared with CTR and showed higher plasmacytoid/classical dendritic cell ratios. Increased plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A, elevated percentages of CD62L
monocytes, and reduced HLA-DR expression on classical monocytes (cMo) were also observed in cirrhotic patients. Patients with more advanced liver disease showed increased cMo and reduced tissue macrophages (TiMas) frequencies. It was found that cMo percentages greater than 90.0% within the monocyte compartment and iMo and TiMas percentages lower than 5.7% and 8.6%, respectively, were associated with increased 90-day mortality. Monocytes and dendritic cells are deeply altered in cirrhotic patients, and subset profiles differ between stable and advanced liver disease. High cMo and low TiMas frequencies may be useful biomarkers of disease severity and mortality in liver cirrhosis.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Autoantibodies are often produced during infection with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), but it remains controversial whether they influence the biochemical profile and histological features of this ...disease. Therefore, this current study sought to describe these autoantibodies and evaluate their impact on the clinical and histological presentation of hepatitis C.
This cross-sectional analytical study assessed patients with HCV (RNA+) from October 2011 to July 2012.
This study included 66 patients, with a mean age of 53.2±10.5 years. Of these patients, 60.6% were male, and 54.3% presented with genotype 1. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies (NOSA) were detected in 24% of the patients; of these, 7.6% were anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA+), 26.7% were anti-smooth muscle antibodies (SMA+) and 6.8% were liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (LKM1+). With respect to the thyroid autoantibodies, 7.4% were anti-peroxidase (ATPO+) antibodies, and none were anti-thyroglobulin (ATG+) antibodies. Regarding celiac disease autoantibodies, 5.8% were endomysial antibodies (EMA+), and no transglutaminase (TTG+) antibodies were detected. Cryoglobulins were found in 2.1% of patients. When NOSA+ individuals were compared to patients without the presence of NOSAs, they exhibited higher median alkaline phosphatase (0.7 vs. 0.6 xULN; p=0.041), lower median platelet counts (141,500.0 vs. 180,500.0/mm 3 ; p=0.036), lower mean prothrombin activity (72.6±11.5% vs. 82.2±16.0%; p=0.012) and an increased prevalence of significant fibrosis (E≥2) (45.5% vs. 18.2%; p=0.012). There was also a tendency for a greater proportion of NOSA+ cases to have marked periportal activity (APP≥3) (44.5% vs. 15.6%; p=0.087).
In addition to the high prevalence of autoantibodies associated with HCV infection, it was observed that NOSA positivity was associated with a more severe histological and biochemical profile of hepatitis C infection.
Flash glucose monitoring system in special situations Rigon, Fernanda Augustini; Ronsoni, Marcelo Fernando; Vianna, André Gustavo Daher ...
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism,
2022-Nov-17, Volume:
66, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Open access
The management of diabetes mellitus (DM) requires maintaining glycemic control, and patients must keep their blood glucose levels close to the normal range to reduce the risk of microvascular ...complications and cardiovascular events. While glycated hemoglobin (A1C) is currently the primary measure for glucose management and a key marker for long-term complications, it does not provide information on acute glycemic excursions and overall glycemic variability. These limitations may even be higher in some special situations, thereby compromising A1C accuracy, especially when wider glycemic variability is expected and/or when the glycemic goal is more stringent. To attain adequate glycemic control, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is more useful than self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), as it is more convenient and provides a greater amount of data. Flash Glucose Monitoring (isCGM /FGM) is a widely accepted option of CGM for measuring interstitial glucose levels in individuals with DM. However, its application under special conditions, such as pregnancy, patients on hemodialysis, patients with cirrhosis, during hospitalization in the intensive care unit and during physical exercise has not yet been fully validated. This review addresses some of these specific situations in which hypoglycemia should be avoided, or in pregnancy, where strict glycemic control is essential, and the application of isCGM/FGM could alleviate the shortcomings associated with poor glucose control or high glycemic variability, thereby contributing to high-quality care.
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a condition characterized by acute decompensation of cirrhosis, associated with organ failure(s), and high short-term mortality. The microRNAs or miRNAs are ...small non-coding RNA molecules, stable in circulating samples such as biological fluids, and the difference in expression levels may indicate the presence, absence and/or stage of the disease. We analyzed here the miRNA profiling to identify potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for ACLF. The major miRNAs discovered were validated in a cohort of patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis grouped in no ACLF or ACLF according to EASL-CLIF definition. Relationship between serum miRNAs and variables associated with liver-damage and survival outcomes were verified to identify possible prognostic markers. Our results showed twenty altered miRNAs between no ACLF and ACLF patients, and twenty-seven in patients who died in 30 days compared with who survived. In validation phase, miR-223-3p and miR-25-3p were significantly altered in ACLF patients and in those who died in 30 days. miR-223-3p and miR-25-3p expression were associated with the lowest survival in 30 days. The decrease in miR-223-3p and miR-25-3p expression was associated with the presence of ACLF and poor prognosis. Of these, miR-25-3p was independently related to ACLF and 30-day mortality.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
AbstractIntroduction. Adiponectin and resistin levels are increased in patients with cirrhosis, but it prognostic significance is unknown. We sought to investigate the factors associated with ...adiponectin and resistin levels and its clinical significance in patients with cirrhosis. Materials and methods. This was a prospective cohort study that included 122 subjects with cirrhosis who attended an outpatient clinic and were initially evaluated in 2012. Serum adiponectin and resistin levels were measured in samples collected in 2012 (adiponectin and resistin) and 2014 (adiponectin). Thirty healthy subjects served as a control group. Results. Higher adiponectin (21.59 μg/mL vs. 12.52 μg/mL, P < 0.001) and resistin levels (3.83 ng/mL vs. 2.66 ng/mL, P < 0.001) were observed among patients with cirrhosis compared to controls. Patients classified as Child-Pugh B/C had higher adiponectin levels in relation to ChildPugh A patients. At second measurement, adiponectin levels increased significantly in non-transplant patients and decreased in liver transplant recipients. Univariate Cox analysis showed that among patients with alcoholic liver disease, adiponectin levels were associated with lower transplant-free survival (HR = 1.034, 95% CI 1.006 - 1.062, P = 0.016). The transplant-free survival was significantly lower among patients with alcoholic liver disease and adiponectin ≥ 17 μg/mL (26.55 months, 95% CI 21.40-31.70) as compared to those with levels < 17 μg/mL (33.76 months, 95% CI 30.70-36.82) (P = 0.045). No relationship was found between the levels of resistin and survival. Conclusion. Adiponectin but not resistin levels were associated with intensity of liver dysfunction and worse prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease, suggesting a potential as a prognostic biomarker.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Circulating miRNAs in nontumoral liver diseases do Amaral, Alex Evangelista; Cisilotto, Júlia; Creczynski-Pasa, Tânia Beatriz ...
Pharmacological research,
February 2018, 2018-02-00, 20180201, Volume:
128
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Display omitted
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in finding new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostication of liver diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules ...involved in the regulation of gene expression and have been studied in relation to several conditions, including liver disease. Mature miRNAs can reach the bloodstream by passive release or by incorporation into lipoprotein complexes or microvesicles, and have stable and reproducible concentrations among individuals. In this review, we summarize studies involving circulating miRNAs sourced from the serum or plasma of patients with nontumoral liver diseases in attempt to bring insights in the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, as well as for prognosis of such diseases. In addition, we present pre-analytical aspects involving miRNA analysis and strategies for normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data related to the studies evaluated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Introduction. Bacterial infection is a frequent complication in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and is related to high mortality rates during follow-up of these individuals. We sought to ...evaluate the diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) in diagnosing infection and to investigate the relationship between these biomarkers and mortality after hospital admission.Material and methods. Prospective study that included cirrhotic patients admitted to the hospital due to complications of the disease. The diagnostic accuracy of CRP and PCT for the diagnosis of infection was evaluated by estimating the sensitivity and specificity and by measuring the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC).Results. A total of 64 patients and 81 hospitalizations were analyzed during the study. The mean age was 54.31 ± 11.87 years with male predominance (68.8%). Significantly higher median CRP and PCT levels were observed among infected patients (P < 0.001). The AUROC of CRP and PCT for the diagnosis of infection were 0.835 ± 0.052 and 0.860 ± 0.047, respectively (P = 0.273). CRP levels > 29.5 exhibited sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 81% for the diagnosis of bacterial infection. Similarly, PCT levels > 1.10 showed sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 90%. Significantly higher levels of CRP (P = 0.026) and PCT (P = 0.001) were observed among those who died within three months after admission.Conclusion. CRP and PCT were reliable markers of bacterial infection in subjects admitted due to complications of liver cirrhosis and higher levels of these tests are related to short-term mortality in those patients.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Introduction. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease includes conditions such as nonalcoholic steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, with varying degrees of fibrosis that can progress to cirrhosis and ...hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the gold standard for its diagnosis remains liver biopsy, many non-invasive methods have been proposed to aid in both the diagnosis of the disease and the evaluation of the presence of liver fibrosis, which is a strong and independent factor for liver related mortality.
Objectives. The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify the clinical and laboratory features associated with the presence of advanced fibrosis in individuals with biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; 2) to evaluate the performance of non-invasive markers in identifying patients with advanced fibrosis.
Methods. A cross-sectional-analytic study that evaluated patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treated in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital of reference in hepatology, between January 2013 and December 2016.
Results. 81 patients aged 53.3 ± 9.8 years were included in this study; 39.5% were men and 70.1% were obese. When comparing patients with advanced fibrosis to those without advanced fibrosis, patients with advanced fibrosis had a lower proportion of males than females (17.6 vs. 45.4%, p = 0.038), a higher proportion of hypothyroidism (29.4 vs. 6.3%, p = 0.017) and a higher median AST (52 vs. 31 U/L, p = 0.005). In logistic regression analysis, only hypothyroidism was independently associated with advanced fibrosis (OR = 4.975; CI 95% 1.050 - 23.574; p = 0.043). Spearman correlation analysis showed that higher levels of fibrosis on liver biopsy, were associated with higher levels of TSH (r = 0.304; p = 0.036), AST (r = 0.277; p = 0.019), GGT (r = 0.284; p = 0.017) and LDL (r = 0.258; p = 0.037). Regarding the performance of the non-invasive markers, the area under the ROC curve of Fibrosis 4 score was 0.723 (p = 0.008), that of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score was 0.713 (p = 0.022), that of gamma-glutamyl transferase platelet ratio was 0.697 (p = 0.019) and that of aspartate-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio was 0.689 (p = 0.031).
Conclusions. Hypothyroidism is a factor independently associated with advanced fibrosis. In the outpatient setting, non-invasive markers may be useful in identifying patients with advanced fibrosis.
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