•IR and Raman spectra were acquired from turmeric-adulterant samples.•Vibration modes were assigned and interpreted for turmeric-adulterant samples.•False positive detection of adulterants was ...observed in binary Raman images.•DD-SIMCA models were developed using IR spectra to authenticate yellow turmeric samples.•IR and Raman spectra can provide a more complete diagnostic fingerprint of samples.
Deliberate chemical contamination of food powders has become a major food safety concern worldwide. This study used Raman imaging and FT-IR spectroscopy to detect Sudan Red and white turmeric adulteration in turmeric powder. While Sudan Red Raman spectral peaks were identifiable in turmeric-Sudan Red samples, Sudan Red false positive detection was observed in binary Raman images, limiting effective quantitative detection. In addition, white turmeric Raman spectral peaks were unidentifiable in turmeric-white turmeric mixtures. However, IR spectra of turmeric-Sudan Red and turmeric-white turmeric samples provided discrete identifier peaks for both the adulterants. Partial least squares regression models were developed using IR spectra for each mixture type. The models estimated Sudan Red and white turmeric concentrations with correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Priority should be given to developing an IR imaging system and incorporating it with Raman system to simultaneously measure of food samples for detection of adulterants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We wanted to demonstrate the relationship between blood volume, cardiac size, cardiac output and maximum oxygen uptake (
V
.
O
2max
) and to quantify blood volume shifts during exercise and their ...impact on oxygen transport. Twenty-four healthy, non-smoking, heterogeneously trained male participants (27 ± 4.6 years) performed incremental cycle ergometer tests to determine
V
.
O
2max
and changes in blood volume and cardiac output. Cardiac output was determined by an inert gas rebreathing procedure. Heart dimensions were determined by 3D echocardiography. Blood volume and hemoglobin mass were determined by using the optimized CO-rebreathing method. The
V
.
O
2max
ranged between 47.5 and 74.1 mL⋅kg
–1
⋅min
–1
. Heart volume ranged between 7.7 and 17.9 mL⋅kg
–1
and maximum cardiac output ranged between 252 and 434 mL⋅kg
–1
⋅min
–1
. The mean blood volume decreased by 8% (567 ± 187 mL,
p
= 0.001) until maximum exercise, leading to an increase in Hb by 1.3 ± 0.4 g⋅dL
–1
while peripheral oxygen saturation decreased by 6.1 ± 2.4%. There were close correlations between resting blood volume and heart volume (
r
= 0.73,
p
= 0.002), maximum blood volume and maximum cardiac output (
r
= 0.68,
p
= 0.001), and maximum cardiac output and
V
.
O
2max
(
r
= 0.76,
p
< 0.001). An increase in maximum blood volume by 1,000 mL was associated with an increase in maximum stroke volume by 25 mL and in maximum cardiac output by 3.5 L⋅min
–1
. In conclusion, blood volume markedly decreased until maximal exhaustion, potentially affecting the stroke volume response during exercise. Simultaneously, hemoconcentrations maintained the arterial oxygen content and compensated for the potential loss in maximum cardiac output. Therefore, a large blood volume at rest is an important factor for achieving a high cardiac output during exercise and blood volume shifts compensate for the decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation, thereby maintaining a high arteriovenous oxygen difference.
Animal origin food products, including fish and seafood, meat and poultry, milk and dairy foods, and other related products play significant roles in human nutrition. However, fraud in this food ...sector frequently occurs, leading to negative economic impacts on consumers and potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, the development of analytical techniques that can rapidly detect fraud and verify the authenticity of such products is of paramount importance. Traditionally, a wide variety of targeted approaches, such as chemical, chromatographic, molecular, and protein-based techniques, among others, have been frequently used to identify animal species, production methods, provenance, and processing of food products. Although these conventional methods are accurate and reliable, they are destructive, time-consuming, and can only be employed at the laboratory scale. On the contrary, alternative methods based mainly on spectroscopy have emerged in recent years as invaluable tools to overcome most of the limitations associated with traditional measurements. The number of scientific studies reporting on various authenticity issues investigated by vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence spectroscopy has increased substantially over the past few years, indicating the tremendous potential of these techniques in the fight against food fraud. It is the aim of the present manuscript to review the state-of-the-art research advances since 2015 regarding the use of analytical methods applied to detect fraud in food products of animal origin, with particular attention paid to spectroscopic measurements coupled with chemometric analysis. The opportunities and challenges surrounding the use of spectroscopic techniques and possible future directions will also be discussed.
Radiotherapy and radiation oncology play a key role in the clinical management of patients suffering from oncological diseases. In clinical routine, anatomic imaging such as contrast-enhanced CT and ...MRI are widely available and are usually used to improve the target volume delineation for subsequent radiotherapy. Moreover, these modalities are also used for treatment monitoring after radiotherapy. However, some diagnostic questions cannot be sufficiently addressed by the mere use standard morphological imaging. Therefore, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging gains increasing clinical significance in the management of oncological patients undergoing radiotherapy, as PET allows the visualization and quantification of tumoral features on a molecular level beyond the mere morphological extent shown by conventional imaging, such as tumor metabolism or receptor expression. The tumor metabolism or receptor expression information derived from PET can be used as tool for visualization of tumor extent, for assessing response during and after therapy, for prediction of patterns of failure and for definition of the volume in need of dose-escalation. This review focuses on recent and current advances of PET imaging within the field of clinical radiotherapy / radiation oncology in several oncological entities (neuro-oncology, head & neck cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal tumors and prostate cancer) with particular emphasis on radiotherapy planning, response assessment after radiotherapy and prognostication.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We wanted to determine the influence of total blood volume (BV) and blood lactate quantity on lactate concentrations during incremental exercise. Twenty-six healthy, nonsmoking, heterogeneously ...trained females (27.5 ± 5.9 ys) performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer during which maximum oxygen uptake (V·O
), lactate concentrations (La
) and hemoglobin concentrations (Hb) were determined. Hemoglobin mass and blood volume (BV) were determined using an optimised carbon monoxide-rebreathing method. V·O
and maximum power (P
) ranged between 32 and 62 mL·min
·kg
and 2.3 and 5.5 W·kg
, respectively. BV ranged between 81 and 121 mL·kg
of lean body mass and decreased by 280 ± 115 mL (5.7%,
= 0.001) until P
. At P
, the La
was significantly correlated to the systemic lactate quantity (La
, r = 0.84,
< 0.0001) but also significantly negatively correlated to the BV (r = -0.44,
< 0.05). We calculated that the exercise-induced BV shifts significantly reduced the lactate transport capacity by 10.8% (
< 0.0001). Our results demonstrate that both the total BV and La
have a major influence on the resulting La
during dynamic exercise. Moreover, the blood La
transport capacity might be significantly reduced by the shift in plasma volume. We conclude, that the total BV might be another relevant factor in the interpretation of La
during a cardio-pulmonary exercise test.
Key Clinical Message
In chronic heart failure, dilutional anemia and hypervolemia may occur due to plasma volume expansion, the latter sometimes exacerbated by an increase in red cell volume. ...Diagnosis and a therapeutic strategy require determination of vascular volumes.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) have a high hemoglobin concentration Hb due to increased hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and possibly reduced plasma volume (PV). The values of Hbmass, PV and ...blood volume (BV) have been described differently, and the relationships between Hb and Hbmass or PV are poorly understood. This study obtained representative Hbmass, PV and BV data from healthy, high-altitude residents and CMS patients and quantified the dependency of Hb on Hbmass and PV.
Eighty-seven subjects born at high altitude (∼3,900 m) were enrolled. Thirty-four had CMS (CMS), 11 had polycythemia without CMS (intermediate, IM), 20 were healthy highlanders (HH), and 22 living near sea level (SL, 420 m) served as the sea level (SL) control group. Hbmass, PV and BV were determined using a CO-rebreathing method modified for assessing polycythemia patients. Furthermore, Hb, hematocrit (Hct), plasma erythropoietin concentration EPO and blood gas and acid-base status were determined.
In the HH group, Hbmass was 27% higher (940 ± 105 g) than in the SL group (740 ± 112 g) and 72% (1,617 ± 265 g) lower than in the CMS group. The PV in the HH group was similar to that in the SL group (-6%) and 15% higher than that in the CMS group (
< 0.001). In the HH group, the BV (5,936 ± 673 ml) did not differ from that in the SL group and was 28% lower than in the CMS group (7,606 ± 1075 ml,
< 0.001). Log EPO was slightly increased in the CMS group relative to the HH group (
< 0.01). All values in the IM group were between those in the HH and CMS groups. Hbmass and BV were positively correlated, and PV was negatively correlated with peripheral O
saturation. Increased Hbmass and decreased PV contributed approximately 65 and 35%, respectively, to the difference in Hb between the HH (17.1 ± 0.8 g/dl) and CMS (22.1 ± 1.0 g/dl) groups.
In CMS patients, the decrease in PV only partially compensated for the substantial increase in Hbmass, but it did not prevent an increase in BV; the decrease in PV contributed to an excessively high Hb.
Abstract
Extreme emission-line galaxies (EELGs) at redshift
z
= 1−2 provide a unique view of metal-poor, starburst sources that are the likely drivers of the cosmic reionization at
z
≥ 6. However, ...the molecular gas reservoirs of EELGs—the fuel for their intense star formation—remain beyond the reach of current facilities. We present ALMA C
ii
and PdBI CO(2–1) observations of the
z
= 1.8, strongly lensed EELG SL2S 0217, a bright Ly
α
emitter with a metallicity 0.05
Z
⊙
. We obtain a tentative (∼3
σ
–4
σ
) detection of the C
ii
line and set an upper limit on the C
ii
/SFR (star-forming rate) ratio of ≤1 × 10
6
L
⊙
/(
M
⊙
yr
−1
), based on the synthesized images and visibility-plane analysis. The CO(2–1) emission is not detected. Photoionization modeling indicates that up to 80% of the C
ii
emission originates from neutral or molecular gas, although we cannot rule out that the gas is fully ionized. The very faint C
ii
emission is in line with both nearby metal-poor dwarfs and high-redshift Ly
α
emitters, and predictions from hydrodynamical simulations. However, the C
ii
line is 30× fainter than predicted by the De Looze et al. C
ii
–SFR relation for local dwarfs, illustrating the danger of extrapolating locally calibrated relations to high-redshift, metal-poor galaxies.
An indispensable precondition for the determination of hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and blood volume by CO rebreathing is complete mixing of CO in the blood. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ...kinetics of CO in capillary and venous blood in different body positions and during moderate exercise. Six young subjects (4 male, 2 female) performed three 2-min CO rebreathing tests in seated (SEA) & supine (SUP) positions as well as during moderate exercise (EX) on a bicycle ergometer. Before, during, and until 15 min after CO rebreathing cubital venous and capillary blood samples were collected simultaneously and COHb% was determined. COHb% kinetics were significantly slower in SEA than in SUP or EX. Identical COHb% in capillary and venous blood were reached in SEA after 5.0 ± 2.3 min, in SUP after 3.2 ± 1.3 min and in EX after 1.9 ± 1.2 min (EX vs. SEA p < .01, SUP vs. SEA p < .05). After 7th min, Hbmass did not differ between the resting positions (capillary: SEA 766 ± 217 g, SUP 761 ± 227 g; venous: SEA 759 ± 224 g, SUP 744 ± 207 g). Under exercise, however, a higher Hbmass (p < .05) was determined (capillary: 823 ± 221 g, venous: 804 ± 226 g). In blood, the CO mixing time in the supine position is significantly shorter than in the seated position. By the 6th minute complete mixing is achieved in either position giving similar Hbmass determinations. CO-rebreathing under exercise conditions, however, leads to ∼7% higher Hbmass values.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
![Ultrafaint [C ii] Emission ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/0004-637X/small "Ultrafaint [C ii] Emission in a Redshift = 2 Gravitationally Lensed Metal-poor Dwarf Galaxy")
