The incorporation of metal centers into the backbone of polymers has led to the development of a broad range of organometallic and coordination compounds featuring properties that are relevant for ...potential applications in diverse areas of research, ranging from energy storage/conversion to bioactive or self-healing materials. In this review, the basic concepts and synthetic strategies leading to these types of materials as well as the scope of available characterization techniques will be summarized and discussed.
The basic concepts and synthetic strategies leading to metallo-supramolecular polymers as well as the scope and limitation in characterizing such materials are discussed in this review.
The halogen bond is a supramolecular interaction between a Lewis‐acidic region of a covalently bound halogen and a Lewis base. It has been studied widely in silico and experimentally in the solid ...state; however, solution‐phase applications have attracted enormous interest in the last few years. This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion‐templated self‐assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.
Giving direction: The utilization of highly directional halogen bonds for anion coordination and supramolecular chemistry has become increasingly apparent. In particular, their application for selective anion interactions in solution has attracted enormous interest. This Minireview focuses on fundamental advances in receptors based on halogen bonds in the area of anion recognition and sensing, anion‐templated self‐assembly, as well as organocatalysis.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most used polymer and also the gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based drug delivery. The properties that account for the ...overwhelming use of PEG in biomedical applications are outlined in this Review. The first approved PEGylated products have already been on the market for 20 years. A vast amount of clinical experience has since been gained with this polymer--not only benefits, but possible side effects and complications have also been found. The areas that might need consideration and more intensive and careful examination can be divided into the following categories: hypersensitivity, unexpected changes in pharmacokinetic behavior, toxic side products, and an antagonism arising from the easy degradation of the polymer under mechanical stress as a result of its ether structure and its non-biodegradability, as well as the resulting possible accumulation in the body. These possible side effects will be discussed in this Review and alternative polymers will be evaluated.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The research on 1,2,3-triazoles has been lively and ever-growing since its stimulation by the advent of click chemistry. The attractiveness of 1
H
-1,2,3-triazoles and their derivatives originates ...from their unique combination of facile accessibility
via
click chemistry and truly diverse supramolecular interactions, which enabled myriads of applications in supramolecular and coordination chemistry. The nitrogen-rich triazole features a highly polarized carbon atom allowing the complexation of anions by hydrogen and halogen bonding or, in the case of the triazolium salts,
via
charge-assisted hydrogen and halogen bonds. On the other hand, the triazole offers several N-coordination modes including coordination
via
anionic and cationic nitrogen donors of triazolate and triazolium ions, respectively. After CH-deprotonation of the triazole and the triazolium, powerful carbanionic and mesoionic carbene donors, respectively, are available. The latter coordination mode even features non-innocent ligand behavior. Moreover, these supramolecular interactions can be combined,
e.g.
, in ion-pair recognition, preorganization by intramolecular hydrogen bond donation and acceptance, and in bimetallic complexes. Ultimately, by clicking two building blocks into place, the triazole emerges as a most versatile functional unit allowing very successful applications,
e.g.
, in anion recognition, catalysis, and photochemistry, thus going far beyond the original purpose of click chemistry. It is the intention of this review to provide a detailed analysis of the various supramolecular interactions of triazoles in comparison to established functional units, which may serve as guidelines for further applications.
The ability of 1,2,3-triazoles and derivatives thereof to interact with anions
via
hydrogen and halogen bonding as well as with metal ions
via
several N- and C-coordination modes is reviewed.
Inkjet printing and 3D inkjet printing have found many applications in the fabrication of a great variety of devices, which have been developed with the aim to improve and simplify the design, ...fabrication, and performance of sensors and analytical platforms. Here, developments of these printing technologies reported during the last 10 years are reviewed and their versatile applicability for the fabrication of improved sensing platforms and analytical and diagnostic sensor systems is demonstrated. Illustrative examples are reviewed in the context of particular advantages provided by inkjet printing technologies. Next to aspects of device printing and fabrication strategies, the utilization of inkjet dispensing, which can be implemented into common analytical tools utilizing customized inkjet printing equipment as well as state‐of‐the‐art consumer inkjet printing devices, is highlighted. This review aims to providing a comprehensive overview of examples integrating inkjet and 3D inkjet printing technologies into device layout fabrication, dosing, and analytical applications to demonstrate the versatile applicability of these technologies, and furthermore, to inspire the utilization of inkjet printing for future developments.
Inkjet and 3D inkjet printing have been evolved as a highly versatile tool for device fabrication in sensing, analytics, and diagnostic applications. The last 10 years have seen important developments which make use of the additive manufacturing potential of inkjet‐based fabrication. Examples on how inkjet printing concepts can be integrated into device fabrication are highlighted.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The targeted and efficiency-oriented delivery of (therapeutic) nucleic acids raises hope for successful gene therapy,
i.e.
, for the local and individual treatment of acquired and inherited genetic ...disorders. Despite promising achievements in the field of polymer-mediated gene delivery, the efficiency of the non-viral vectors remains orders of magnitude lower than viral-mediated ones. Several obstacles on the molecular and cellular level along the gene delivery process were identified, starting from the design and formulation of the nano-sized carriers up to the targeted release to their site of action. In particular, the efficient escape from endo-lysosomal compartments was demonstrated to be a major barrier and its exact mechanism still remains unclear. Different hypotheses and theories of the endosomal escape were postulated. The most popular one is the so-called "proton sponge" hypothesis, claiming an escape by rupture of the endosome through osmotic swelling. It was the first effort to explain the excellent transfection efficiency of poly(ethylene imine). Moreover, it was thought that a unique mechanism based on the ability to capture protons and to buffer the endosomal pH is the basis of endosomal escape. Recent theories deal with the direct interaction of the cationic polyplex or free polymer with the exoplasmic lipid leaflet causing membrane destabilization, permeability or polymer-supported nanoscale hole formation. Both escape strategies are more related to viral-mediated escape compared to the "proton sponge" effect. This review addresses the different endosomal release theories and highlights their key mechanism.
Endo-lysosomal escape strategies of cationic polymer-mediated gene delivery at a glance.
In the light of an ever‐increasing energy demand, the rising number of portable applications, the growing market of electric vehicles, and the necessity to store energy from renewable sources on ...large scale, there is an urgent need for suitable energy storage systems. In most batteries, the energy is stored by exploiting metals or metal‐ion‐based reactions. However, nearly every modern battery would not function without the help of polymers. Polymers fulfill several important tasks in battery cells. They are applied as binders for the electrode slurries, in separators and membranes, and as active materials, where charge is stored in organic moieties. This review concentrates on recent research on polymers utilized for every aspect of a battery, discussing state‐of‐the‐art lithium cells, current redox‐flow systems, and polymeric thin‐film batteries. The focus is on the properties of the polymers applied in different battery systems and how they affect their overall performance.
This comprehensive review covers all polymeric parts of different battery types. These range from polymeric active materials for redox flow batteries over membranes and separators for redox flow and lithium ion batteries to binders for metal ion batteries. Each topic is discussed in detail and an overview of the current literature is provided.
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For renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric to be effectively used in the grid of the future, flexible and scalable energy-storage solutions are necessary to mitigate output ...fluctuations. Redox-flow batteries (RFBs) were first built in the 1940s and are considered a promising large-scale energy-storage technology. A limited number of redox-active materials--mainly metal salts, corrosive halogens, and low-molar-mass organic compounds--have been investigated as active materials, and only a few membrane materials, such as Nafion, have been considered for RFBs. However, for systems that are intended for both domestic and large-scale use, safety and cost must be taken into account as well as energy density and capacity, particularly regarding long-term access to metal resources, which places limits on the lithium-ion-based and vanadium-based RFB development. Here we describe an affordable, safe, and scalable battery system, which uses organic polymers as the charge-storage material in combination with inexpensive dialysis membranes, which separate the anode and the cathode by the retention of the non-metallic, active (macro-molecular) species, and an aqueous sodium chloride solution as the electrolyte. This water- and polymer-based RFB has an energy density of 10 watt hours per litre, current densities of up to 100 milliamperes per square centimetre, and stable long-term cycling capability. The polymer-based RFB we present uses an environmentally benign sodium chloride solution and cheap, commercially available filter membranes instead of highly corrosive acid electrolytes and expensive membrane materials.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The application of organic carbonyl compounds as high performance electrode materials in secondary batteries enables access to metal‐free, low‐cost, environmental friendly, flexible, and functional ...rechargeable energy storage systems. Organic compounds have so far not received much attention as potential active materials in batteries, mainly because of the success of inorganic materials in both research and commercial applications. However, new requirements in secondary batteries such as flexibility accompanied with low production costs and environmental friendliness, in particular for portable devices, reach the limit of inorganic electrode materials. Organic carbonyl compounds represent the most promising materials to satisfy these needs. Here, recent efforts of the research in the field of organic carbonyl materials for secondary batteries are summarized, and the working principle and the structural design of different groups of carbonyl material is presented. Finally, the influence of conductive additives and binders on the cell performance is closely evaluated for each class of materials.
Organic carbonyl materials are versatile redox‐active structures offering new possibilities as active electrode materials in rechargeable batteries that conventional inorganic compounds cannot provide. Recent developments in the field of organic carbonyl compounds as active electrode materials in secondary batteries is critically reviewed and the cell performance of the particular compounds is evaluated and compared.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this review, we aim to update our review "Chemical modification of self-assembled silane-based monolayers by surface reactions" which was published in 2010 and has developed into an important ...guiding tool for researchers working on the modification of solid substrate surface properties by chemical modification of silane-based self-assembled monolayers. Due to the rapid development of this field of research in the last decade, the utilization of chemical functionalities in self-assembled monolayers has been significantly improved and some new processes were introduced in chemical surface reactions for tailoring the properties of solid substrates. Thus, it is time to update the developments in the surface functionalization of silane-based molecules. Hence, after a short introduction on self-assembled monolayers, this review focuses on a series of chemical reactions,
i.e.
, nucleophilic substitution, click chemistry, supramolecular modification, photochemical reaction, and other reactions, which have been applied for the modification of hydroxyl-terminated substrates, like silicon and glass, which have been reported during the last 10 years.
Developments in the chemical surface reactions performed on hydroxyl-terminated substrates are reviewed. This comprehensive overview illustrates the importance of the highly dynamic field of surface functionalization utilizing self-assembled monolayers.
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