Stress-induced impairments in extinction learning are believed to sustain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Noradrenergic signaling may contribute to extinction impairments by modulating medial ...prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuits involved in fear regulation. Here we demonstrate that aversive fear conditioning rapidly and persistently alters spontaneous single-unit activity in the prelimbic and infralimbic subdivisions of the mPFC in behaving rats. These conditioning-induced changes in mPFC firing were mitigated by systemic administration of propranolol (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a β-noradrenergic receptor antagonist. Moreover, propranolol administration dampened the stress-induced impairment in extinction observed when extinction training is delivered shortly after fear conditioning. These findings suggest that β-adrenoceptors mediate stress-induced changes in mPFC spike firing that contribute to extinction impairments. Propranolol may be a helpful adjunct to behavioral therapy for PTSD, particularly in patients who have recently experienced trauma.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective
The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the role of sinus pneumatization and residual ridge resorption in maxillary bone loss in 400 computed tomography (CT) scans.
...Materials and Methods
In 200 dentate and 200 edentulous patients, both sinuses were analysed using CT scans. The image analysis sequence consisted of manual placement of 24 reference points, followed by automated segmentation and final manual refinement. Finally, a principal components analysis was performed.
Results
A total of 788 sinuses were included into the analysis. The edentulous group (98 female: 67.77 ± 11.28 years, 99 male: 65.22 ± 9.87) was significantly older than the group with teeth (99 female: 46.89 ± 16.77 years, 96 male: 49.74 ± 16.2). Female and male patients did not differ regarding age. The alveolar height differed significantly between the groups (edentulous: 7.1 ± 4.3 mm, with teeth: 9.7 ± 4.1 mm), but not between gender (female: 8.3 ± 4.4 mm, male: 8.5 ± 4.4 mm). Principal components analysis was able to explain 90% of the variation in sinus morphology.
Conclusions
Prolonged edentulism in the maxillary molar region leads to centripetal and to minor degrees centrifugal ridge resorption. Minor pneumatization occurs in the sinus walls, but the sinus depth underlies the anatomical variation independent of dentition.
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CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We studied the dewetting of thin liquid polymer films from solid surfaces. Our experimental results lead to a consistent picture demonstrating the interplay between short- and long-range interfacial ...forces. Observations comprise nucleation and spinodal dewetting, as well as thermal nucleation of holes. The effective interface potential of the system, as reconstructed from the morphology of the dewetting patterns, agrees quantitatively with what is computed from the optical properties of the system. This shows that the assumption of additivity of dispersion potentials in multilayer systems yields good results.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
When a granular material such as sand is mixed with a certain amount of liquid, the surface tension of the latter bestows considerable stiffness to the material, which enables, for example, sand ...castles to be sculpted. The geometry of the liquid interface within the granular pile is of extraordinary complexity and strongly varies with the liquid content. Surprisingly, the mechanical properties of the pile are largely independent of the amount of liquid over a wide range. We resolve this puzzle with the help of X-ray microtomography, showing that the remarkable insensitivity of the mechanical properties to the liquid content is due to the particular organization of the liquid in the pile into open structures. For spherical grains, a simple geometric rule is established, which relates the macroscopic properties to the internal liquid morphologies. We present evidence that this concept is also valid for systems with non-spherical grains. Hence, our results provide new insight towards understanding the complex physics of a large variety of wet granular systems including land slides, as well as mixing and agglomeration problems.
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IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
When a granular material such as sand is mixed with a certain amount of liquid, the surface tension of the latter bestows considerable stiffness to the material, which enables, for example, sand ...castles to be sculpted. The geometry of the liquid interface within the granular pile is of extraordinary complexity and strongly varies with the liquid content. Surprisingly, the mechanical properties of the pile are largely independent of the amount of liquid over a wide range. We resolve this puzzle with the help of X-ray microtomography, showing that the remarkable insensitivity of the mechanical properties to the liquid content is due to the particular organization of the liquid in the pile into open structures. For spherical grains, a simple geometric rule is established, which relates the macroscopic properties to the internal liquid morphologies. We present evidence that this concept is also valid for systems with non-spherical grains. Hence, our results provide new insight towards understanding the complex physics of a large variety of wet granular systems including land slides, as well as mixing and agglomeration problems.
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IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 20% of the earth's terrestrial surface area, have been predicted to be one of the most responsive ecosystem types to elevated atmospheric CO2 and associated global ...climate change. Here we show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem, that new shoot production of a dominant perennial shrub is doubled by a 50% increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in a high rainfall year. However, elevated CO2 does not enhance production in a drought year. We also found that above-ground production and seed rain of an invasive annual grass increases more at elevated CO2 than in several species of native annuals. Consequently, elevated CO2 might enhance the long-term success and dominance of exotic annual grasses in the region. This shift in species composition in favour of exotic annual grasses, driven by global change, has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Hispanic children with cancer experience poorer survival than their White counterparts. Infection is a known cause of cancer‐related mortality; however, little is known about the risk of ...infection‐related death among Hispanic children with cancer. We examine the association of Hispanic ethnicity with infection‐related mortality and life‐threatening events among children with cancer.
Procedure
For a cohort of all pediatric cancer patients diagnosed from 1986 to 2012 and treated at a single tertiary care center, we obtained national death records to determine all‐cause mortality and infection‐related mortality, as well as intensive care unit (ICU) admissions as a surrogate for life‐threatening events. Cox proportional hazard models assessed all‐cause mortality and infection‐related mortality using ethnicity as the main independent variable. ICU admission rates were modeled using a zero‐inflated Poisson regression model. Models were adjusted for gender, diagnosis year, age, residential location, and diagnosis.
Results
Of 6,198 patients, 741 (12%) were Hispanic. Mean follow‐up was 11 years (SD = 8.04). There were 1,205 deaths, with 193 attributable to infection. Differences in all‐cause mortality between Hispanic and non‐Hispanic patients did not reach significance (hazard ratio HR = 1.14, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.96–1.36). However, Hispanic patients were 68% (HR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.16–2.43) more likely to have an infection‐related cause of death. Hispanic ethnicity was statistically associated with a higher rate of ICU admissions (rate ratio = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12–1.56).
Conclusion
Hispanic pediatric cancer patients were more likely to have an infection‐related death and higher rates of ICU admissions than non‐Hispanic patients. Infection may be an overlooked contributor to poorer outcomes among Hispanic patients.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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