Fresh carbon input (above and belowground) contributes to soil carbon sequestration, but also accelerates decomposition of soil organic matter through biological priming mechanisms. Currently, poor ...understanding precludes the incorporation of these priming mechanisms into the global carbon models used for future projections. Here, we show that priming can be incorporated based on a simple equation calibrated from incubation and verified against independent litter manipulation experiments in the global land surface model, ORCHIDEE. When incorporated into ORCHIDEE, priming improved the model's representation of global soil carbon stocks and decreased soil carbon sequestration by 51% (12 ± 3 Pg C) during the period 1901–2010. Future projections with the same model across the range of CO2 and climate changes defined by the IPCC‐RCP scenarios reveal that priming buffers the projected changes in soil carbon stocks — both the increases due to enhanced productivity and new input to the soil, and the decreases due to warming‐induced accelerated decomposition. Including priming in Earth system models leads to different projections of soil carbon changes, which are challenging to verify at large spatial scales.
Evolution of the soil carbon stock change from: (a) 1901 to 2010. (b) from 1951 to 2100 for the RCP2.6. (c) from 1951 to 2100 for the RCP8.5. In all figures, red indicates the values predicted by ORCHIDEE‐PRIM and blue by ORCHIDEE. For all figures, the thin lines are the simulations with the parameter values modified by ± 50%. For (b) and (c), the light blue and the orange lines represent the simulations performed with the climate forcings from the HadGEM, IPSL‐CM5A and MIROC‐ESM‐CH models for ORCHIDEE and ORCHIDEE‐PRIM, respectively.
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Background
Binge drinking (BD) among adolescents is a public health concern worldwide. This study assessed the cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility of a web‐based computer‐tailored intervention to ...prevent BD in adolescence.
Methods
The sample was drawn from a study evaluating the Alerta Alcohol program. The population consisted of adolescents 15 to 19 years of age. Data were recorded at baseline (January to February 2016) and after 4 months (May to June 2017) and were used to estimate costs and health outcomes, as measured by the number of BD occasions and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Incremental cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility ratios were calculated from National Health Service (NHS) and societal perspectives and for a time horizon of 4 months. A multivariate deterministic sensitivity analysis of best/worst scenarios by subgroups was used to account for uncertainty.
Results
The cost of reducing BD occasions by one per month was €16.63 from the NHS perspective, which from the societal perspective resulted in savings of €7986.37. From the societal perspective, the intervention resulted in an incremental cost of €71.05 per QALY gained from the NHS perspective and this was dominant, resulting in savings of €34,126.64 per QALY gained in comparison with the control group. Subgroup analyses showed that the intervention was dominant for girls from both the perspectives and for individuals 17 years or older from the NHS perspective.
Conclusions
Computer‐tailored feedback is a cost‐effective way to reduce BD and increase QALYs among adolescents. However, long‐term follow‐up is needed to evaluate more fully changes in both BD and health‐related quality of life.
Many international and national interventions have sought to prevent alcohol use among adolescents, but their effectiveness and efficiency has seldom been assessed. In particular, our study evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of Alerta Alcohol programme, which is an intervention aimed at tackling the problem of binge drinking (BD) among adolescents, finding that it could be cost‐effective in terms of BD occasions averted and QALYs gained. It seems that computer‐tailored feedback is a cost‐effective way to prevent binge drinking.
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SARS‐CoV‐2 has emerged as a human pathogen, causing clinical signs, from fever to pneumonia—COVID‐19—but may remain mild or asymptomatic. To understand the continuing spread of the virus, to detect ...those who are and were infected, and to follow the immune response longitudinally, reliable and robust assays for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection and immunological monitoring are needed. We quantified IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies recognizing the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain (RBD) or the Spike (S) protein over a period of 6 months following COVID‐19 onset. We report the detailed setup to monitor the humoral immune response from over 300 COVID‐19 hospital patients and healthcare workers, 2500 University staff, and 198 post‐COVID‐19 volunteers. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody responses follow a classic pattern with a rapid increase within the first three weeks after symptoms. Although titres reduce subsequently, the ability to detect anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies remained robust with confirmed neutralization activity for up to 6 months in a large proportion of previously virus‐positive screened subjects. Our work provides detailed information for the assays used, facilitating further and longitudinal analysis of protective immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2. Importantly, it highlights a continued level of circulating neutralising antibodies in most people with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2.
The setup of a versatile COVID19 serology ELISA system is described, allowing Yes/No screening with a two‐step method that reduces false‐positives. Accurate antibody titer screening indicates a classic pattern of antibody production, peaking at 3 weeks post‐infection and remaining detectable for at least 6 months in 90% of the subjects tested. The antibody response does not correlate with age, but with severity of disease, and show an initial higher response in men.
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Aims and objectives
To determinate the incidence, incidence rate and risk factors of pressure ulcers in critical care patients.
Background
Pressure ulcers represent one of the most frequent health ...problems in clinical practice. Specifically, critical patients who are hospitalised in intensive care units have a higher risk of developing a pressure ulcer, with an incidence that fluctuates between 3.3–39.3% according to previous studies.
Design
Prospective cohort study.
Methods
Three hundred and thirty‐five adult patients (over 18 years old) who were hospitalised in intensive care units for at least 24 hr were monitored for a maximum of 32 days. They were excluded if they had a pressure ulcers at admission. The survival rate for pressure ulcers, from stages I–IV, was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariate Cox regression model was adjusted to identify the main risk factors for pressure ulcers: demographic, clinical, prognostic and therapeutic variables.
Results
The incidence of pressure ulcers in critical patients was 8.1%, and the incidence rate was 11.72 pressure ulcers for 1,000 days of intensive care units stay; 40.6% of pressure ulcers were of stage I and 59.4% of stage II, mainly in the sacrum. According to the Cox model, the main risk factors for pressure ulcers were in‐hospital complications, prognostic scoring system (SAPS III) and length of immobilisation.
Conclusions
The incidence of pressure ulcers is lower than that shown in recent studies. Complications on the unit and the prognosis score were risk factors associated with pressure ulcers but, surprisingly, length of immobilisation was a protective factor.
Relevance to clinical practice
Survival analysis of pressure ulcer allows for identification of risk factors associated with this health problem in the intensive care units. Identifying these factors can help nurses establish interventions to prevent pressure ulcers in this healthcare scenario, given that pressure ulcers prevention is an indicator of nursing quality.
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In this article, we delve into a debate about whether a kitchen was to be installed in a new Women’s House in a city in the Basque Country (Hernani, Gipuzkoa). The ethnography presented here was ...conducted by observing the process around the creation of the House. Articulating the debate’s main points led us to examine the dominant cultural assumptions about cooking in Basque society, especially in view of the opposing feminist positions on the kitchen and the domestic sphere. To understand the changes that took place, it is essential to consider the participants’ previous experience, the shape the discussion took and the diffractions and interferences that occurred during the process, as well as the priority placed on ‘being and doing together’ and being aware of the (self-)imposed limits while also allowing, even for a short period of time, the dichotomies that characterize and delimit this intercultural encounter to be questioned.
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A large receptive vocabulary could have a significant impact on scores in the IELTS Academic Reading test. However, the lack of official information about vocabulary in this test raises questions ...regarding how lexis is selected and approached in existing IELTS training materials. This paper evaluates three books issued by leading ELT publishers to assess how far they effectively help learn vocabulary for the Academic Reading test. First, the lexis in the test is identified based on what can be gleaned from official information and available research. Then, the three books are evaluated using a checklist of criteria relevant to the acquisition of this lexis. The results suggest that the materials investigated may not contribute enough towards the acquisition of vocabulary useful for success in the Academic Reading test. This paper offers some important insights into some shortcomings of current IELTS training materials and points to ways of surmounting them.
Effect of support groups on caregiver’s quality of life Bernabéu‐Álvarez, Claudia; Lima‐Rodríguez, Joaquín‐Salvador; Lima‐Serrano, Marta
Family process,
June 2022, 2022-Jun, 2022-06-00, 20220601, Volume:
61, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that participating in support groups for caregivers has on the quality of life and psychotropic drug use of family caregivers of adults with ...limitations in activities of daily living. A controlled quasi‐experimental longitudinal design was used with 134 caregivers (64 in the experimental group and 70 in the control group). The outcomes were health‐related quality of life (EuroQol 5D3L test) and psychotropic drug use (no/yes). The analyses were performed using SPSS and R statistical software. An interaction was observed between the condition and the level of limitations in activities of daily living of the care receiver, having an effect on the caregiver's psychotropic drug use (p = 0.003), with this use being lower among caregivers who attend support groups when their relatives present fewer limitations in activities of daily living. Moreover, the quality of life was higher in the post‐test in the experimental group (B = 8.66, p = 0.015). In conclusion, support groups could improve the caregiver's quality of life and decrease psychotropic drug use when the care receiver has low limitations in activities of daily living.
Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto que tiene la participación en grupos de apoyo para cuidadores en la calidad de vida y el consumo de fármacos psicotrópicos de cuidadores familiares de adultos con limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria. Se usó un diseño longitudinal cuasiexperimental controlado con 134 cuidadores (64 en el grupo experimental y 70 en el grupo de referencia). Los criterios de evaluación fueron la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (test EuroQol 5D3L) y el consumo de fármacos psicotrópicos (sí / no). Los análisis se realizaron usando los programas estadísticos SPSS y R. Se observó una interacción entre la enfermedad y el nivel de limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria del receptor del cuidado y el efecto que tuvo en el consumo de fármacos psicotrópicos del cuidador (p=0.003). Este consumo fue menor entre los cuidadores que asisten a grupos de apoyo cuando sus familiares presentan menos limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria. Además, la calidad de vida fue mayor en el grupo experimental después del test (B=8.66, p=0.015). En resumen, los grupos de apoyo podrían mejorar la calidad de vida del cuidador y disminuir el consumo de fármacos psicotrópicos cuando el receptor del cuidado tiene pocas limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria.
摘要
本研究的目的是评估参与照顾者支持团体对日常生活活动受限的成人家庭照顾者的生活质量和精神药物使用的影响。采用准实验纵向对照设计，134名护理人员(实验组64名，对照组70名)参与。结果是健康相关的生活质量(EuroQol 5D3L试验)和精神药物使用(否/是)。采用SPSS和R统计软件进行分析。观察一个交互水平的限制和条件之间活动的日常生活保健接收者, 对照顾者的精神药物使用有影响(p = 0.003), 观察到病情和被照顾者日常生活活动的限制程度之间的相互作用，对照顾者的精神药物使用有影响（P=0.003），当他们的亲属在日常生活活动中出现较少的限制时，参加支持小组的照顾者的使用量较低。此外，实验组的生活质量在后测试中更高（B=8.66，p=0.015）。综上所述，当照顾者的日常生活活动受限时，支持团体可以改善照顾者的生活质量，减少精神药物的使用。
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Background
Foley catheters have been subject to limited development in the last few decades. They fulfil their basic function of draining urine from the bladder but cause other associated problems. ...T‐Control is a new silicone Foley catheter with an integrated fluid control valve whose design aims to reduce the risks associated with bladder catheterisation by a multifactorial approach. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the T‐Control catheter versus the Foley‐type catheter in patients with Acute Urine Retention (AUR).
Study design
This is a pragmatic, open, multicentre, controlled clinical trial with random allocation to the T‐Control catheter or a conventional Foley‐type catheter in patients with AUR.
Endpoints
The magnitude of infections will be analysed as a primary endpoint. While as secondary endpoint, the following will be analysed: rate of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections; days free of infection; quality of life‐related to self‐perceived health; indication of associated antibiotic treatments; determination of biofilm; number of catheter‐related adverse events; use of each type of catheterisation's healthcare resources; level of satisfaction and workload of health professionals and acceptability of the T‐Control device as well as the patient experience.
Patients and methods
Eligible patients are male adults aged ≥50 years, with AUR and with an indication of bladder catheterisation for at least 2 weeks. The estimated sample size is 50 patients. Patient follow‐up includes both the time of catheter insertion and its removal or change 2 weeks later, plus 2 weeks after this time when the patient will be called for an in‐depth interview.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Guidelines recommend routine screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in asymptomatic adults starting at age 50. The most extensively used noninvasive test for CRC screening is the fecal immunochemical ...test (FIT), which has an overall sensitivity for CRC of approximately 61.0%-91.0%, which drops to 27.0%-67.0% for advanced adenomas. These figures contain a high false-positive rate and a low positive predictive value. This work aimed to develop a new, noninvasive CRC screening tool based on fecal bacterial markers capable of decreasing FIT false-positive rates in a FIT-positive population. We defined a fecal bacterial signature (RAID-CRC Screen) in a proof-of-concept with 172 FIT-positive individuals and validated the obtained results on an external cohort of 327 FIT-positive subjects. All study participants had joined the national CRC screening program. In the clinical validation of RAID-CRC Screen, a sensitivity of 83.9% and a specificity of 16.3% were obtained for the detection of advanced neoplasm lesions (advanced adenomas and/or CRC). FIT 20 μg/g produced 184 false-positive results. Using RAID-CRC Screen, this value was reduced to 154, thus reducing the false-positive rate by 16.3%. The RAID-CRC Screen test could be implemented in CRC screening programs to allow a significant reduction in the number of colonoscopies performed unnecessarily for FIT-positive participants of CRC screening programs.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Cannabis use is increasing among Andalusian adolescents, causing health, social and financial problems. School nurses visit schools and provide health promotion to adolescents in ...Andalusia. In order to better tailor health promotion programs, it is important to understand the sociodemographic and motivational factors related to cannabis use in Andalusian adolescents.
Design/Methods
In this cross‐sectional study, 369 students (aged 15–18 years) from secondary schools in Andalusia were involved. An anonymous questionnaire based on the I‐Change Model was self‐administered during school hours. Cannabis users were compared with non‐cannabis users regarding sociodemographic and motivational factors. Contingency tables, mean comparison tests, and logistic regression analyses were conducted.
Results
The prevalence of cannabis use in the last year was 21.6%. Non‐cannabis users had a few positive beliefs toward cannabis use (e.g. the ability to relax or medical benefits), as well as users. Users recognized some disadvantages of cannabis use but played down their importance and mentioned more advantages. Moreover, social influence, especially from peers, plays a critical role in cannabis use. Specific social situations and moods seemed to be special risk factors for cannabis use, such as being at a celebration or feeling good. Results of regression analysis showed that cannabis use is mainly associated with age, low family function, low family affluence, high pocket money, perceiving few disadvantages of cannabis use, much social modeling of cannabis use, social norm and pressure favoring cannabis, low self‐efficacy to resist using cannabis and positive intentions to use cannabis.
Conclusions
Based on our results, prevention programmes lead by nurses can be tailored to the factors important to prevent cannabis use, focusing on outlining the disadvantages of cannabis use, alternatives for using cannabis when feeling good, increasing salience of healthy social influences and reinforcing self‐efficacy to resist temptations to use cannabis are recommended.
Clinical Relevance
Nurses need to know the sociodemographic factors and motivations associated with the use of cannabis in adolescents in order to establish effective preventive interventions at school.
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