High-fat diet (HFD) intake can cause overweight and obesity and has become a global public health concern in recent years. Nutritional adversity at vulnerable windows of development can affect ...developing cells and their functions, including germ cells. Evidence shows that parental HFD intake prior to conception and/or during gestation and lactation could program the reproductive health of male offspring, ultimately resulting in impairment of the first as well as subsequent generations. In male offspring, adipose tissue and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis imbalance can impair the production of gonadotropins, leading to dysfunction of testosterone production and pubertal onset. The gonads can be directly impaired through oxidative stress, causing poor testosterone production and spermatogenesis; low sperm count, viability, and motility; and abnormal sperm morphology, which results in low sperm quality. Parental HFD intake could also be a risk factor for prostate hyperplasia and cancer in advanced age. It can impact the reproductive pattern of male offspring resulting in impairments in the subsequent generations. The investigation of semen quality must be extended to epidemiological and clinical studies of the male offspring of overweight and/or obese parents in order to improve the quality of human semen. This review addresses the effects of parental HFD intake on the reproductive parameters of male offspring and discusses the possible underlying mechanisms.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Non-alcoholic fatty liver is the leading cause of hepatic disease worldwide and ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to cell injury, oxidative stress, and ...apoptosis. The kinins’ role in the liver has been studied in experimental fibrosis, partial hepatectomy, and ischemia-reperfusion and is related to cell death and regeneration. We investigated its role in experimental NASH induced by a methionine-choline deficient diet for 4 weeks. After that, liver perfusion was performed, and bradykinin (BK) or des-Arg9-BK was infused. Cell death was evaluated by cathepsin-B and caspase-3 activity and oxidative stress by catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins. In control livers, DABK increased CAT activity, which was reversed by antagonist DALBK. In the NASH group, kinins tend to decrease antioxidant activity, with SOD activity being significantly reduced by BK and DABK. Malondialdehyde levels increased in all NASH groups, but carbonylated protein did not. DABK significantly decreased cathepsin-B in the NASH group, while caspase-3 was increased by BK in control animals. Our results suggest that B1R and/or B2R activation did not induce oxidative stress but affected the antioxidant system, reducing SOD in the NASH group.
Reproductive seasonality in Neotropical bats has been assessed to the better understand their reproductive behavior. This knowledge is especially important for the control of Desmodus rotundus ...population as it is a transmitter of rabies virus. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the functional activity of testis and epididymis of D. rotundus in dry and rainy seasons under a morphological approach. We observed an increase in tubular diameter and epithelial height of the seminiferous tubules during the rainy season. In the latter, additionally, stereological analysis of the testis showed increased proportion of seminiferous epithelium and reduced percentage of lumen. The sperm number in caput/corpus epididymis increased in rainy season, whereas sperm count and transit time were reduced in cauda region. These alterations were probably related to the recovery of epithelium activities after mating season in dry season. Despite altered nuclear and cytoplasm parameters of Leydig cells between seasons, the volume and number of these cells were constant. Moreover, no change in serum testosterone levels, daily sperm production, and apoptotic index were observed, which indicates that the reproductive pattern in D. rotundus does not change between seasons. Our study offers a baseline for the management of vampire bat population as an attempt to control rabies disease.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Parental high-fat high-sugar diet can modulate offspring commensal bacteria.•Changes in gut hormones in the GBA, may be linked to hypothalamic inflammation and increased adiposity in ...the offspring.•Hypothalamic Leptin resistance may be involved in reduced energy expenditure and altered energy homeostasis in the adult offspring.•Parental high-fat high-sugar diet may program offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases, later in life, even after weaning on a healthy diet.
The gut-brain axis (GBA) is implicated in the development of obesity, and its role in developmental programming needs to be explored. This study uncovers the effects of a parental high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFS) on the gut (colon) and brain (hypothalamus) GBA of male Wistar rat offspring at weaning until adulthood.
For ten weeks before mating, male progenitors were fed a control diet (CD) or HFS, whereas dams were fed CD or HFS during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring aged 21-and 90-day old were assessed for: Gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway and zonula occludens 1 (ZO1) in the colon and hypothalamus; hypothalamic gene expression of orexigenic neuropeptides and Leptin receptor; serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1), Ghrelin and neuropeptide Y (NPY); colonic cytokine levels; FaecalBifidobacterium spp.andLactobacillus spp. DNA.
Paternal HFS showed increased endotoxaemia, reduced colonic gene expression of ZO1 and reduced colonic TNF-α at weaning. In the adult offspring, paternal HFS showed increased NPY, reduced serum Ghrelin, colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lower faecalBifidobacteriumspp. DNA. Maternal diet showed increased hypothalamic gene expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) at weaning. The maternal HFS diet showed increased NPY and reduced faecalBifidobacteriumspp. andLactobacillusspp. DNA in the adult offspring. The combined effect of parental diet showed increased NPY at weaning, and lowerBifidobacteriumspp. andLactobacillus spp.in the adult offspring.
Maternal and paternal HFS diet seem to influence the programming of the gut-brain axis, leading to increased visceral adiposity and weight of male offspring at weaning, the effect that lasted until adulthood.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Parental nutrition can impact the health of future generations, programming the offspring for the development of diseases. The developing germ cells of the offspring could be damaged by the maternal ...or the paternal environment. The germ cells in development and their function could be affected by nutritional adversity and therefore, harm the health of subsequent generations. The paternal or maternal intake of high-fat diets has been shown to affect the reproductive health of male offspring, leading to imbalance in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, testicular oxidative stress, low testosterone production, and changes in sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology. There is a need for studies that address the combined effects of diets with a high-fat and high-sugar (H) content by both progenitors on male reproduction. In this context, our study evaluated epigenetic parameters and the inflammatory response that could be associated to oxidative stress in testis and epididymis of adult offspring. 90 days-old male rats were divided according to the combination of the parental diet: CD (control paternal and maternal diet), HP (H paternal diet and control maternal diet), HM (H maternal diet and control paternal diet) and HPM (H paternal and maternal diet).We evaluated serum levels of testosterone and FSH; testicular gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes
Star
and
Hsd17b3
and epigenetic markers
Dnmt1
,
Dnmt3a
,
Dnmt3b
, and
Mecp2
; testicular and epididymal levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β; testicular and epididymal activity of SOD, CAT, and GST; the oxidative markers MDA and CP; the daily sperm production, sperm transit time, and sperm morphology. Testicular epigenetic parameter, inflammatory response, oxidative balance, and daily sperm production of the offspring were affected by the maternal diet; paternal diet influenced serum testosterone levels, and lower daily sperm production was exacerbated by the interaction effect of both parental intake of high-fat high-sugar diet in the testis. There was isolated maternal and paternal effect in the antioxidant enzyme activity in the cauda epididymis, and an interaction effect of both parents in protein oxidative marker. Maternal effect could also be observed in cytokine production of cauda epididymis, and no morphological effects were observed in the sperm. The potential programming effects of isolated or combined intake of a high-fat high-sugar diet by the progenitors could be observed at a molecular level in the reproductive health of male offspring in early adulthood.
Update on the influence of fatty acids in epigenetic programming mechanisms Sertorio, Marcela Nascimento; de Souza, Esther Alves; Pisani, Luciana Pellegrini
Nutrire : revista de Sociedade Brasileira de Alimentação e Nutrição = journal of the Brazilian Society of Food and Nutrition,
30/8, Volume:
46, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Purpose
Parental nutrition can influence the early stages of offspring development, leading to fetal programming. During this critical period, fatty acids play an important role in the regulation of ...lipid metabolism, essential for the proper development of offspring. Epigenetic mechanisms seem to be involved in the changes in structure and function of several tissues due to poor nutrition, as long as deficient or excessive maternal exposure to saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) seem to be able to alter offspring metabolism and influence long-term chronic diseases. This review addresses an update on the influence of SFA, PUFA, and/or MUFA in the epigenetic mechanisms on fetal programming.
Methods
The literature search was performed in the database PubMed and original papers in the English language were selected, containing the effects of different types of fatty acids in epigenetic programming mechanisms of chronic diseases. The time limit was not set for a broader identification of papers published within the field.
Results
SFA present in maternal high-fat diets (HFD) has been shown to cause epigenetic alterations in the liver, adipose tissue, heart, and brain, leading to changes in glucose, lipid, and cardiovascular metabolism of the offspring. Maternal consumption of MUFA oleic acid during pregnancy and lactation can be beneficial especially to lipid metabolism, as long as PUFA intake exerts positive outcomes on offspring neurodevelopment and epigenome reshape, preventing chronic diseases.
Conclusions
The present data showed that maternal intake of different types of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA can influence the offspring programming of epigenetic machinery through histone modifications, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation. More studies including both male and female offspring are needed in order to compare differences between sexes, as well as epigenetic studies in the offspring from male progenitors exposed to different types of fatty acids.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
8.
Arsenic exposure intensifies glycogen nephrosis in diabetic rats Sertorio, Marcela Nascimento; Souza, Ana Cláudia Ferreira; Bastos, Daniel Silva Sena ...
Environmental science and pollution research international,
04/2019, Volume:
26, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
It is known that either arsenic exposure or diabetes can impact renal function. However, it is unclear how these combined factors may influence kidney functions. Therefore, we evaluated ...morphological, functional, and oxidative parameters in the kidney of diabetic rats exposed to arsenic. Healthy male Wistar rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed to 0 and 10 mg/L arsenate through drinking water for 40 days. Renal tissue was assessed using morphometry, mitosis and apoptosis markers, mineral proportion, oxidative stress markers, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases. Arsenate intake altered glucose levels in healthy animals, but it did not reach hyperglycemic conditions. In diabetic animals, arsenate led to a remarkable increase of glycogen nephrosis in distal tubules. In these animals, additionally, the activity of catalase and glutathione
S
-transferase, besides the proportion of Fe, Cu, and K in renal tissue, was altered. Nevertheless, arsenate did not accumulate in the kidney and did not impact on other parameters previously altered by diabetes, including levels of malondialdehyde, Na, urea, creatinine, and apoptosis and mitosis markers. In conclusion, besides the intensification of glycogen nephrosis, the kidney was able to handle arsenate toxicity at this point, preventing arsenic deposition in the exposed groups and the impairment of renal function.
Experimental studies have shown that the albedo of Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is rich in calcium, but little is known about its bioavailability.
Produce flour from the albedo of Tahiti ...lime, characterizing it and assessing the bioavailability of calcium.
Centesimal composition, mineral calcium content, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and physical analysis were performed. Female rats were divided in groups: OVX (ovariectomized) and SHAM (sham-operated). After surgery, the animals were redivided and treated for 60 days: SHAMc: control diet (CD); SHAMa: CD+130 mg of albedo flour/kg body weight (BW); OVXc: CD; OVXa: CD+130 mg of albedo flour/kg BW. Serum biochemical and radiological analysis were performed.
Albedo flour of Tahiti lime showed a product with low moisture (9.39%), abundant calcium content (0.66%) and moderate antioxidant power (0.89 μg/ml). The results in vivo point towards a positive interference of the albedo in the studied groups. Hepatosomatic index showed that OVXa (3.16±0.56) did not differ from the SHAMc (3.86±0.84) and SHAMa (3.85±0.52), which may indicate that the administration of albedo contributed to the development of the group. The cortical region of femoral medial diaphysis and the medullar region of tibial medial diaphysis were higher (p≤0.05) in the OVXa group when compared to OVXc, the latter being also higher than SHAM groups, suggesting efficacy in preventing dysfunctions related to bone changes.
The albedo of Tahiti lime showed relevant characteristics and the results from the in vivo experiment are suggestive of effectiveness in preventing dysfunctions related to bone changes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Environmental factors in the early life stages can lead the descendant to adaptations in gene expression, permanently impacting several structures and organs. The amount and quality of fatty acids in ...the maternal diet in pregnancy and lactation were found to impact offspring metabolism. So, maternal diet and insulin resistance can affect the male and female descendants through distinct pathways and at different time points. We hypothesized that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) intake before conception and an adequate amount of different fatty acids intake during pregnancy and lactation could influence the energy homeostasis system of 21-day-old offspring. Female rats received control diet (C) or HFD (HF) for 8 weeks before pregnancy. During pregnancy and lactation C group remained with same diet (C-C), HF group were distributed into 4 groups and received C diet (HF-C), normolipidic diet based on saturated fatty acids (HF-S) or based on polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (HF-P) or remained in same diet (HF-HF). Maternal HFD in preconception, pregnancy, and lactation (HF-HF) led to lower glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in male (HF-HF21) compared to other groups (C-C21, HF-C21, and HF-P21) and compared to HF-HF21 females. Neuropeptide YY levels were higher in the HF-HF21, HF-C21, and HF-S21 male offspring compared to HF-P21. HF-P21 was similar to C-C21. Positive correlations were found among the energy homeostasis markers genes expressed in the offspring hypothalamus. Maternal diet changes to adequate quantities of fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation showed less impaired results but was not entirely avoided. A maternal diet based on PUFA n-3 during pregnancy and lactation seems to reverse the damage of an HFD in preconception. These results of homeostasis energy system disturbance in the offspring at weaning give us clues about changes that precede the onset of the disease in adult life - adding notes to the knowledge for future investigations of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.Environmental factors in the early life stages can lead the descendant to adaptations in gene expression, permanently impacting several structures and organs. The amount and quality of fatty acids in the maternal diet in pregnancy and lactation were found to impact offspring metabolism. So, maternal diet and insulin resistance can affect the male and female descendants through distinct pathways and at different time points. We hypothesized that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) intake before conception and an adequate amount of different fatty acids intake during pregnancy and lactation could influence the energy homeostasis system of 21-day-old offspring. Female rats received control diet (C) or HFD (HF) for 8 weeks before pregnancy. During pregnancy and lactation C group remained with same diet (C-C), HF group were distributed into 4 groups and received C diet (HF-C), normolipidic diet based on saturated fatty acids (HF-S) or based on polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (HF-P) or remained in same diet (HF-HF). Maternal HFD in preconception, pregnancy, and lactation (HF-HF) led to lower glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in male (HF-HF21) compared to other groups (C-C21, HF-C21, and HF-P21) and compared to HF-HF21 females. Neuropeptide YY levels were higher in the HF-HF21, HF-C21, and HF-S21 male offspring compared to HF-P21. HF-P21 was similar to C-C21. Positive correlations were found among the energy homeostasis markers genes expressed in the offspring hypothalamus. Maternal diet changes to adequate quantities of fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation showed less impaired results but was not entirely avoided. A maternal diet based on PUFA n-3 during pregnancy and lactation seems to reverse the damage of an HFD in preconception. These results of homeostasis energy system disturbance in the offspring at weaning give us clues about changes that precede the onset of the disease in adult life - adding notes to the knowledge for future investigations of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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