One of the most chronic constraints to crop production is the grain yield reduction near the crop harvest stage by lodging worldwide. This is more prevalent in cereal crops, particularly in wheat and ...rice. Major factors associated with lodging involve morphological and anatomical traits along with the chemical composition of the stem. These traits have built up the remarkable relationship in wheat and rice genotypes either prone to lodging or displaying lodging resistance. In this review, we have made a comparison of our conceptual perceptions with foregoing published reports and proposed the fundamental controlling techniques that could be practiced to control the devastating effects of lodging stress. The management of lodging stress is, however, reliant on chemical, agronomical, and genetic factors that are reducing the risk of lodging threat in wheat and rice. But, still, there are many questions remain to be answered to elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, so agronomists, breeders, physiologists, and molecular biologists require further investigation to address this challenging problem.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Pakistan’s society and economy are highly dependent on the surface and groundwater resources of the Indus River basin. This paper describes the development and implementation of a daily Indus River ...System Model (IRSM) for the Pakistan Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to examine the potential impact of reservoir sedimentation on provincial water security. The model considers both the physical and management characteristics of the system. The model’s performance in replicating provincial allocation ratios is within 0.1% on average and the modeling of water flow at barrages and delivered to irrigation canal commands is in agreement with recorded data (major barrage NSE 0.7). The average maximum volumetric error for the Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs are respectively 5.2% and 8.8% of mean annual inflow. The model showed that a 2.3 km3 reduction in storage volume since 1990 equates to approximately 1.3 km3 i.e., a 4–5% reduction in irrigation deliveries, respectively, for Punjab and Sindh in the dry (Rabi) season. This decline indicates that without further augmentation of system storage, the Rabi season supplies will continue to be further impacted in the future. This paper demonstrates the suitability of IRSM for exploring long term planning and operational rules and the associated impacts on water, food and energy security in Pakistan.
Herbicides application is an integral part of farmer’s crop management in modern agricultural systems. Weeds always cause serious losses in legumes due to poor competition ability. In order to ...quantify the tolerance of chickpea against some pre and post-emergence herbicides, a pot study was carried out in the department of Weed science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The pre emergence herbicides includes pendimethalin and s-metolachlor while, the post emergence herbicides comprised of Clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and di-methyl urea. The chickpea variety Karak-I was sown in the pots and the trial was arranged in CR Design repeated three times. During the investigation data were recorded on different growth parameters of chickpea plants including both aerial and underground parts. The results revealed the all treatments had a significant effect on all the examined parameters of chickpea except nodule fresh and dry biomasses. However, the toxic effect of pre emergence herbicides on chickpea was significantly higher as compared to post emergence herbicides. The minimum number of nodule plant-1 (17.83), plant height (50.50cm), and seed protein (14.13%) was recorded in Pendimethalin treated pots. However, the highest seed protein content of 21.75 and 21.15 % were recorded for control and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl treatments respectively. Thus, it is concluded from the present data that chickpea has less tolerance for pre emergence herbicides pendimethalin and S-metolachlor as compared to post-emergence herbicides so farmers are advised to give preference to post emergence herbicides instead of a pre emergence while controlling weeds in chickpea through chemicals.
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CEKLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Multi-year trials are important in rice breeding program, for identification of stable and promising rice genotypes to ensure food security. For this purpose, current study was designed to assess the ...performance of 18 rice genotypes across years for yield and yield associated traits. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during, rice growing seasons 2018 and 2019. Pooled analysis of variance depicted significant (
P
≤ 0.01) differences among the genotypes, years and genotype by year interaction for the studied traits. Across the years DR-92 showed highest number of spikelets panicle
−1
(228.50) while Dokri-Basmati manifested maximum number (219) of grains panicle
−1
. Genotype IR‑8 exhibited maximum 1000-grain weight (34.70 g). DR-92 produced highest grain yield (7223 kg ha
−1
) across both the years followed by Dokri-Basmati (6474 kg ha
−1
). Grain yield showed significantly positive phenotypic and genotypic associations with spikelets panicle
−1
, grains panicle
−1
and 1000-grain weight. Overall, study indicated differential behavior of genotypes for the studied traits across years. Rice genotypes DR-92, Dokri-Basmati and IR‑8 showed better performance for yield and yield associated traits which could be cultivated commercially in the region and exploited in rice breeding program..
The experiment was performed to assess the performance of 87 rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs), identify the productive environments and quantify genotype × environment interaction (GEI) effects ...on yield and yield related traits across four locations of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan between 2021 and 2022. The pooled ANOVA showed significant differences of GEI for all traits. Across the studied environments, RIL AUP-3 took minimum days to heading (139) and produced the highest grain yield (4.1 t ha-1). AUP-3 and AUP30 displayed the highest kernel number in panicle of 214 and 226, respectively. Based on AMMI1 and AMMI2 biplots, RIL AUP-3 was unanimously declared as the most stable and the highest yielding genotype. AMMI biplot analysis cumulatively explained 55.3%, 46.3% and 52.1% of total variation due to GEI for days to maturity, grains panicle-1 and grain yield, respectively. The AMMI biplot analysis confirmed the differential response of genotypes across environments, suggesting environment-based expression of genes. The AMMI biplot also manifested AUP-3 and AUP-30 as ideal genotypes for grains panicle-1 and grain yield, respectively. The Peshawar (E-1 and E-5) and Mingora (E-2) were the most discriminating and representative environment for grains panicle-1 and grain yield. Application of various stability models in this study identified AUP-3 and AUP-30 as the most stable and widely adapted genotype for grain yield and its components. The AMMI analysis identified genotypes both for specific and wide adaptation. Based on stability and yield performance, said genotypes were identified with superior performance than check cultivars. Therefore, recommended for commercialization. Also environments were clustered regardless of their geographical location, which revealed unpredictable nature of agro-climatic conditions across four tested locations.
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