Extensive efforts have been devoted to the construction of functional supramolecular nanosystems for applications in catalysis, energy conversion, sensing and biomedicine. The applications of ...supramolecular nanosystems such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon materials for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics have been reviewed by other groups. Here, we will focus on the recent momentous advances in the implementation of typical supramolecular hosts (i.e., cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils and metallo‐hosts) and their nanosystems in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. We discuss the evolutive process of supramolecular nanosystems from the structural control and characterization to their diagnostic and therapeutic function exploitation and even the future potentials for clinical translation.
Recent momentous advances in the implementation of typical supramolecular hosts (cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils and metallo‐hosts) and their nanosystems in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are reviewed. The evolution of supramolecular nanosystems is discussed; from structural control and characterization to their diagnostic and therapeutic exploitation in the biomedical field.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is one of the major signaling enzymes in the process of cell signal transduction, which catalyzes the transfer of ATP-γ-phosphate to the tyrosine residues of the ...substrate protein, making it phosphorylation, regulating cell growth, differentiation, death and a series of physiological and biochemical processes. Abnormal expression of PTK usually leads to cell proliferation disorders, and is closely related to tumor invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis. At present, a variety of PTKs have been used as targets in the screening of anti-tumor drugs. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) compete with ATP for the ATP binding site of PTK and reduce tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. TKI has made great progress in the treatment of cancer, but the attendant acquired acquired resistance is still inevitable, restricting the treatment of cancer. In this paper, we summarize the role of PTK in cancer, TKI treatment of tumor pathways and TKI acquired resistance mechanisms, which provide some reference for further research on TKI treatment of tumors.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
At the moment, pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest gastrointestinal diseases, and pancreatic cancer growth is a complex biological process that is based on different kinds of genes. Exosomes are ...extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and proteins, they act as the most prominent mediator of intercellular communication, and they regulate, instruct, and re-educate their surrounding microenvironment and target specific organs. Due to accumulative evidence proved that exosomes are involved in metastasis, cell proliferation, EMT, angiogenesis, and TME of pancreatic cancer, exosomes are crucial potential candidates to detect pancreatic cancer early. This review aims to convey the current understanding of the main functions employed by exosomes in early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) has been reported to play a vital role in the maintenance of glutamine catabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis, but its character in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) ...remains obscure. In this study, we observed low expression of SIRT4 in both HCC cell lines and HCCs from patients. Decreased disease‐free survival time is associated with low tumor levels of SIRT4 in patients. Deficiency of SIRT4 facilitated liver tumor development and lung metastasis in xenografts and knockout (KO) mice by promoting colony formation and migration of hepatoma cells and enhancing sphere formation of HCCs. Mechanistically, SIRT4 deletion augmented mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by inactivating adenosine‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) through regulation of glutamine catabolism and subsequent AM)/liver kinase B1 (LKB1) axis. Blockage of mTOR by rapamycin or inhibition of glutaminolysis abolished the discrepancy in tumorigenic capacity between SIRT4‐depleted hepatoma cells and control cells. Suppression of LKB1 or promotion of AMP by metformin also abrogated the hyperproliferative phenotype caused by SIRT4 loss, which further confirmed that the LKB1/AMPKα/mTOR axis is required in SIRT4‐deficiency–promoted HCC tumorigenesis. Conclusion: SIRT4 could exert its tumor suppressive function in HCC by inhibiting glutamine metabolism and thereby increasing the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/AMP levels to phosphorylate AMPKα by LKB1, which blocks the mTOR signaling pathway.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The exploitation of the stable and earth-abundant electrocatalyst with high catalytic activity remains a significant challenge for hydrogen evolution reaction. Being different from complex ...nanostructuring, this work focuses on a simple and feasible way to improve hydrogen evolution reaction performance via manipulation of intrinsic physical properties of the material. Herein, we present an interesting semiconductor-metal transition in ultrathin troilite FeS nanosheets triggered by near infrared radiation at near room temperature for the first time. The photogenerated metal-phase FeS nanosheets demonstrate intrinsically high catalytic activity and fast carrier transfer for hydrogen evolution reaction, leading to an overpotential of 142 mV at 10 mA cm
and a lower Tafel slope of 36.9 mV per decade. Our findings provide new inspirations for the steering of electron transfer and designing new-type catalysts.
Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), high‐voltage and high‐power density, is a very promising cathode candidate. Nevertheless, its lack of cycling stability has historically been long accepted as an ...inherent issue. Based on the above problem, a strategy is initiated to directly address Mn dissolution and unstable interface structure. A beneficial solid‐phase reaction occurs at the LNMO interface, transforming the spinel phase into two functional phases. One is the layered phase that provides electrochemical activity and supports charge transport. The other is the rock‐salt like phase induced by Li/Mn exchange that can inhibit the dissolution of Mn and provide inert protection. The Li/Mn exchange structure increases the diffusion energy barriers of Mn, which restrains the loss of Mn, proven by the bond valence sum calculation. The two phases are modulated successfully at the LNMO interface to balance the stable material structure and excellent charge transfer, obtaining a sample with excellent electrochemical performance. The capacity retention rate of modified LNMO is 15% higher than that of the pristine sample after 500 cycles. The preparation method does not utilize any dopants or coatings and can play a guiding role in addressing issues regarding structural stability and electrochemical performance for cathode materials.
The spinel phase transforms into a layered phase and a rock‐salt like phase at the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 interface by an intrinsic method. The rock‐salt like phase induced by Li/Mn exchange can inhibit the dissolution of Mn and the Jahn‐Teller distortion. Through interface phase modulation, the capacity retention is increased by 15%.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A trial restoration is an important diagnostic tool that can be fabricated through analog or digital pathways. Digital workflows may have improved accuracy, but this is yet to be demonstrated ...conclusively.
The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the dimensional accuracy of trial restorations produced by different analog (molded) and digital (milled and 3D printed) methods. Parameters studied included fabrication methods, Shore-A hardness of silicone putty indices, length of span, and labial tooth levels.
Digital additive trial restorations were designed on a single virtual cast from maxillary right to left lateral incisor teeth (4 teeth) and from maxillary right to left first premolar teeth (8 teeth). Both designs were identical on the 4 anterior teeth. Each digital trial restoration was 3-dimensionally (3D) printed to produce reference casts. The original cast was 3D printed to produce 44 replica casts. There were 8 experimental groups (4 analog and 4 digital) with 10 specimens each. For the analog groups, 20 silicone indices per reference cast were made: 10 from standard silicone putty (63 to 70 Shore-A hardness) and 10 from hard silicone putty (90 Shore-A hardness). The analog trial restorations were molded on replica casts with silicone indices and bis-acryl resin. The digital trial restorations were either milled or 3D printed and adapted onto replica casts. Each trial restoration was scanned and digitally superimposed onto respective scanned reference casts. Measurements were recorded at 3 levels: cervical, middle, and incisal. The independent samples Kruskal-Wallis, 2-sample Mann-Whitney, and Bonferroni tests were used to compare the distribution of accuracy among all groups (α=.05).
The dimensional accuracy of the different trial restoration fabrication methods was comparable in terms of median values of trueness (how close the readings were to the reference), and no statistically significant difference was found among them (P>.05). When the dimensional accuracy in terms of precision (how close the readings were to each other) were analyzed, the hard putty groups demonstrated a statistically significant better outcome, whereas standard putty consistently showed the poorest result. The incisal level displayed the most significant deviation (P=.005) when all groups were compared. The incisal discrepancy values of the short-span standard putty trial restoration varied by as much as 0.84 mm in some specimens.
Milled and 3D printed trial restoration fabrication techniques showed dimensional accuracy comparable with that of the analog groups. However, the choice of silicone putty was shown to affect the dimensional accuracy of an analog molded trial restoration. A high Shore-A hardness silicone putty produced the best precision and should be used when fabricating an analog molded trial restoration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In order to modify colonic release behavior of lactoferrin (Lf), a hydrophobic composite nanofibrous carrier (CNC) was constructed by emulsion coaxial electrospinning. Ethylcellulose/pectin based ...water-in-oil emulsion and Lf-contained polyvinyl alcohol solution were used as shell and core fluids, respectively. An electrospinning diagram was first constructed to screen out suitable viscosity (51–82 cP) and conductivity (960–1300 μS/cm) of the dispersed phase of pectin solution for successful electrospinning of shell emulsion. Varying mass fraction of pectin solution (5 %–20 %) of shell emulsion during emulsion coaxial electrospinning obtained CNCs with different micro-structures, labeled as 5&95 CNC, 10&90 CNC, 15&85 CNC, 20&80 CNC. These CNCs all achieved colonic delivery of Lf (>95 %), and the time for complete release of Lf in simulated colon fermentation process were 10, 7, 5 and 3 h, respectively. That is, the greater the pectin content in CNC, the faster the release rate of stabilized Lf in colon. Lf release in simulated colon fermentation fluid involved complex mechanisms, in which diffusion release of Lf was dominant. Increasing colonic release rate of Lf enhanced its regulation effect on the expression levels of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related protein and promote its effective inhibition on the proliferation of HCT116 cell.
•Composite nanofibrous carrier (CNC) was fabricated by emulsion coaxial electrospinning.•CNC involved hydrophobic outer layer, ethylcellulose-pectin middle layer, and core of Lf.•CNC with various microstructure was obtained by varying mass fraction of pectin solution.•The greater the pectin content in CNC, the faster the release rate of stabilized Lf in colon.•Faster rate of Lf release generated higher anti-proliferation activity against HCT116 cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The exploitation of the earth‐abundant catalysts with high reactive activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a grand challenge, which is strongly related with their superficial ...electronic structure. Herein, the Co‐layered LaCoSi material is proposed to disclose the electronic state coupling between structural strain and defect distribution, where the bonding interaction between reactants and catalysts can be affected by the electronic reconfiguration at reactive sites. Comprehensive first‐principle calculations disclose that the catalytic activity of Co site can be obviously enhanced by tensile strain, and the antibonding interaction between Co and adsorbed hydrogen is also enforced. However, the introduced Si defect can make the neighboring Si atoms gain more 3d electrons from Co site, leading to a compressive‐strain‐response HER performance. The analysis about electronic structure demonstrates that the coupled electronic states play a critical role in enhancing HER performance. This work provides a new insight into designing new‐type catalysts by considering the synergistic effect of surface strain and defect engineering.
The proposed Co‐layered LaCoSi material discloses the electronic state coupling between structural strain and defect distribution, where the bonding interaction between reactants and catalysts can be affected by the electronic reconfiguration at reactive sites. The catalytic activity of Co site is obviously enhanced by tensile strain, and the antibonding interaction between Co and adsorbed hydrogen is also enforced.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Most of adaptive iterative learning control (AILC) algorithms focus on one-dimensional (1-D) systems, rather than two-dimensional (2-D) systems. This brief is first concerned with AILC for 2-D ...nonlinear discrete time-varying Fornasini-Marchesini system (NDTVFMS) with nonrepetitive reference trajectory under iteration-varying boundary states. By using Lyapunov analysis method, it can guarantee that the ultimate tracking error tends to zero asymptotically, and make all identified parameters and system signals to be bounded as iteration number goes to infinity. Two illustrative examples are used to validate the effectiveness of the designed AILC approach.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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