A mono tiltrotor (MTR) design which combines concepts of a tiltrotor and coaxial rotor is presented. The aerodynamic modeling of the MTR based on blade element momentum theory (BEMT) is conducted, ...and the method is fully validated with previous experimental data. An automated optimization approach integrating BEMT modeling and optimization algorithms is developed. Parameters such as inter-rotor spacing, blade twist, taper ratio and aspect ratio are chosen as design variables. Single-objective (in hovering or in cruising state) optimizations and multi-objective (both in hovering and cruising states) optimizations are studied at preset design points; i.e., hovering trim and cruising trim. Two single-objective optimizations result in different sets of parameter selections according to the different design objectives. The multi-objective optimization is applied to obtain an identical and compromised selection of design parameters. An optimal point is chosen from the Pareto front of the multi-objective optimization. The optimized design has a better performance in terms of the figure of merit (FM) and propulsive efficiency, which are improved by 7.3% for FM and 13.4% for propulsive efficiency from the prototype, respectively. Further aerodynamic analysis confirmed that the optimized rotor has a much more uniform load distribution along the blade span, and therefore a better aerodynamic performance in both hovering and cruising states is achieved.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) technology is a newly developed method which can separate microscale and nanoscale particles continuously and efficiently. In this paper, a direct numerical ...simulation method (i.e. a fictitious domain method) is used to simulate the motion of an elastic particle (modelled as homogeneously elastic body) in the DLD device. The effects of the particle deformability on the critical separation diameter are investigated. Our results indicate that there exists a critical deformability, below which the critical diameter decreases with increasing deformability, whereas beyond which the critical diameter increases with increasing deformability. The reasons are discussed via the consideration of the effects of the particle deformation and the lubrication force on the lateral position of the particle centre point. In addition, our results show that the increase in the gap distance between adjacent posts in both directions or in the longitudinal direction alone leads to the increase in the critical particle size with respect to the gap size, which can be explained by the lateral position of the separation streamline of the undisturbed flow.
In this paper, the fictitious domain (FD) method and the sharp interface (SI) method are combined for the direct numerical simulations of particulate flows with heat transfer in three dimensions. The ...flow field and the motion of particles are solved with the FD method. The temperature field is solved in both fluid and solid media with the SI method. The accuracy of the proposed FD/SI method is validated via two problems: the natural convection in a two- dimensional cavity with fixed solid particles, and the flow over a cold sphere. The method is then applied to the natural convection in a three dimensional cavity with a fixed sphere, the motion of a spherical particle in a non-isothermal fluid, and the rising of spherical catalyst particles in an enclosure. The effects of the thermal conductivity ratio are examined in the first and third problems, respectively, and the significant effects of the thermal expansion coefficient ratio on the particle motion are demonstrated in the second problem.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A direct-forcing fictitious domain (DFFD) method is used to perform fully resolved numerical simulations of turbulent channel flows laden with large neutrally buoyant particles. The effects of the ...particles on the turbulence (including the mean velocity, the root mean square (RMS) of the velocity fluctuation, the probability density function (PDF) of the velocity, and the vortex structures) at a friction Reynolds number of 395 are investigated. The results show that the drag-reduction effect caused by finite-size spherical particles at low particle volumes is negligibly small. The particle effects on the RMS velocities at
Re
τ
= 395 are significantly smaller than those at
Re
τ
= 180, despite qualitatively the same effects, i.e., the presence of particles decreases the maximum streamwise RMS velocity near the wall via weakening the large-scale streamwise vortices, and increases the transverse and spanwise RMS velocities in the vicinity of the wall by inducing smaller-scale vortices. The effects of the particles on the PDFs of the fluid fluctuating velocities normalized with the RMS velocities are small, regardless of the particle size, the particle volume fraction, and the Reynolds number.
The behavior of a passive plate placed behind a D-cylinder is numerically studied by using the modified immersed boundary methods. The linear Euler–Bernoulli Beam theory is employed as the structure ...model for the flexible plate. The effects of the Reynolds number, the mass ratio and rigidity of the material and the distance between the D-cylinder and the plate are investigated. Results show that, the initial perturbation is inhibited when the Reynolds number is small. By increasing the Reynolds number, the larger the Reynolds number the larger amplitude of the plate’s oscillation. When the plate is placed close to the D-cylinder, its surface is surrounded by the vortical layer and there is no vortex shed from the D-cylinder, the ‘attached vortex mode’. The ‘Kármán vortex street’ is formed at the front of the plate when it is placed further behind the D-cylinder, the ‘vortex street mode’. Compared with the effects of Reynolds number, the material parameters do not play a crucial role on the plate’s oscillation behavior. The drag forces which act on the plate are related to the flow structures. When the distance is smaller with S/L=1.5, the plate is located in the suction domain and negative drag acts on the plate initially. For the large distance case, when the incoming shed vortex contacts the plate’s head, a low pressure domain is generated and this results in lower drag. The ‘vortex street mode’ can get more kinetic and strain energy by the plate, since the shed vortices make the plate’s deformation mode more complex and the oscillation frequency is also larger than the one of the ‘attached vortex mode’.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The self-sustained flapping of a three-dimensional flexible plate in a uniform viscous flow is numerically simulated with a fictitious domain method. The effects of the various non-dimensional ...control parameters including the Reynolds number, the density ratio, the dimensionless shear modulus, the length–thickness ratio, and the width–length ratio on the flapping of the plate are investigated. The results show that there exist two flapping modes: symmetrical and asymmetrical flapping about the centerline in the spanwise direction. Near the critical point a decrease in the plate width–length ratio, or the increase in the Reynolds number or the reduced velocity (a combination of the density ratio, the dimensionless shear modulus, and the length–thickness ratio) can make symmetric (or nearly symmetric) flapping become asymmetric. It is found that the flapping amplitude is mainly controlled by the density ratio and the dimensionless elastic modulus, while the frequency by the density ratio and the length–thickness ratio. In addition, the flapping amplitude and frequency are affected significantly by the confinement effect of the computational domain, and normally enhanced as the confinement effect becomes stronger. The effects of the plate width and the mass ratio (i.e., the ratio of the length–thickness and density ratios) on the critical reduced velocities are examined. The results indicate that when the fluid–plate mass ratio (or the plate length–thickness ratio) is relatively small there exist two significantly different critical velocities for the flapping instability, depending on the strength of initial plate deformation, a hysteresis phenomenon. No obvious hysteresis can be observed when the fluid–plate mass ratio (or the plate length–thickness ratio) is large.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A parallel direct-forcing fictitious domain method is employed to perform fully resolved numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow laden with finite-size particles. The effects of the ...particle-fluid density ratio on the turbulence modulation in the channel flow are investigated at the friction Reynolds number of 180, the particle volume fraction of 0.84%, and the particle-fluid density ratio ranging from 1 to 104.2. The results show that the variation of the flow drag with the particle-fluid density ratio is not monotonic, with a larger flow drag for the density ratio of 10.42, compared to those of unity and 104.2. A significant drag reduction by the particles is observed for large particle-fluid density ratios during the transient stage, but not at the statistically stationary stage. The intensity of particle velocity fluctuations generally decreases with increasing particle inertia, except that the particle streamwise root-mean-square velocity and streamwise-transverse velocity correlation in the near-wall region are largest at the density ratio of the order of 10. The averaged momentum equations are derived with the spatial averaging theorem and are used to analyze the mechanisms for the effects of the particles on the flow drag. The results indicate that the drag-reduction effect due to the decrease in the fluid Reynolds shear stress is counteracted by the drag-enhancement effect due to the increase in the total particle stress or the interphase drag force for the large particle-inertia case. The sum of the total Reynolds stress and particle inner stress contributions to the flow drag is largest at the density ratio of the order of 10, which is the reason for the largest flow drag at this density ratio. The interphase drag force obtained from the averaged momentum equation (the balance theory) is significantly smaller than (but agrees qualitatively with) that from the empirical drag formula based on the phase-averaged slip velocity for large density ratios. For the neutrally buoyant case, the balance theory predicts a positive interphase force on the particles arising from the negative gradient of the particle inner stress, which cannot be predicted by the drag formula based on the phase-averaged slip velocity. In addition, our results show that both particle collision and particle-turbulence interaction play roles in the formation of the inhomogeneous distribution of the particles at the density ratio of the order of 10.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
Our works on the fictitious domain method for the direct numerical simulation of particulate flows are reviewed, and particularly our recent progresses in the simulations of the motion of particles ...in Poiseuille flow at moderately high Reynolds numbers are reported. The method is briefly described, and its capability to simulate the motion of spherical and non-spherical particles in Newtonian, non-Newtonian and non-isothermal fluids is demonstrated. In addition, the applications of the fictitious domain method reported in the literature are also reviewed, and some comments on the features of the fictitious domain method and the immersed boundary method are given.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A parallel direct-forcing (DF) fictitious domain (FD) method for the simulation of particulate flows is reported in this paper. The parallel computing strategies for the solution of flow fields and ...particularly the distributed Lagrange multiplier are presented, and the high efficiency of the parallel code is demonstrated. The new code is then applied to study the effects of particle density (or particle inertia) on the turbulent channel flow. The results show that the large-scale vortices are weakened more severely, and the flow friction drag increases first and then reduces, as particle inertia is increased.
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