This paper examined perceived crowding using 615 evaluation contexts obtained from 181 studies that used a 9-point scale. Four methods for summarizing the crowding scale were highly correlated (r ≥ ....90) across all evaluation contexts. Four independent variables (year study was conducted, region of United States, country, specific activity) affected perceived crowding for both the collapsed scale and the mean of the scale. One factor, specific location of the encounter, only affected perceived crowding for the percentages, not the mean. Consumptive versus nonconsumptive activities had no effect on perceived crowding. Using capacity judgment standards, 40% of the 615 evaluation contexts were in the suppressed crowding category, 16% were over capacity and 9% were greatly over capacity.
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Meta-analysis is a quantitative technique that uses specific measures (e.g., an effect size) to indicate the strength of variable relationships for the studies included in the analysis. The technique ...emphasizes results across multiple studies as opposed to results from a single investigation. This article provides an introduction to the meta-analysis literature and discusses the challenges of applying meta-analysis to human dimensions research. Specifically, we review the definitions of meta-analysis techniques, the steps in conducting a meta-analysis, and the advantages and disadvantages of meta-analysis.
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The Potential for Conflict Index (PCI) was developed to facilitate understanding and applicability of leisure, recreation, and human dimensions findings to managerial concerns. The PCI ranges from 0 ...(minimal potential for conflict) to 1 (maximum potential for conflict) and simultaneously describes a variable's central tendency, dispersion, and shape using a graphic display. This article (a) describes applications of the original formulation of the PCI (PCI
1
) to illustrate the statistic's practical utility, (b) introduces the second generation of the PCI (PCI
2
) and discusses enhancements incorporated in this version, (c) describes efforts to validate the PCI
2
, and (d) offers suggestions for continuing the empirical validation process. Programs for calculating, graphing, and comparing PCI
2
values are freely available from
http://welcome.warnercnr.colostate.edu/~jerryv
.
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Cronbach's alpha is a potentially useful statistic for scale development that can be misleading when used improperly. As a result, it is important for human dimensions researchers to use the ...statistic cautiously. The purpose of this study is to explore the importance of segmentation and confirmatory factor analysis in scale development. Data were obtained from mail surveys on wolves and wolf management given to Grand Teton National Park visitors and Greater Yellowstone Area residents. Cronbach's alpha was calculated on the survey questions regarding emotions about wolves for park visitors and local residents merged and each segment individually. Confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted on each segment. Beyond demonstrating the importance of confirmatroy factor analysis in scale development, results suggest that segmentation is an important consideration. Indices commonly used by researchers to measure social science concepts such as emotions about wolves cannot be assumed to fit all segments.
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A customer placed an order for a restaurant take-out on the Internet. The order was for four meals to eat at a dinner with friends on January 23, 2015. Everyone was particularly looking forward to ...the Chinese dumplings. When the customer went to pick up the order at the agreed upon time, the meal was not ready or even started. When the customer got the meal home, it was discovered that egg rolls had been added and charged for, too. Unfortunately, the Chinese dumplings had not been included, but the receipt showed that the customer had been charged for dumplings as well. What should the restaurant do?
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A customer placed an order for a restaurant take-out on the Internet. The order was for four meals to eat at a dinner with friends on January 23, 2015. Everyone was particularly looking forward to ...the Chinese dumplings. When the customer went to pick up the order at the agreed upon time, the meal was not ready or even started. When the customer got the meal home, it was discovered that egg rolls had been added and charged for, too. Unfortunately, the Chinese dumplings had not been included, but the receipt showed that the customer had been charged for dumplings as well. What should the restaurant do?
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Purpose
This study aims to examine the moderated mediation model among self-image congruity, self-brand connection, self-motivation and brand preference and validate that actual and ideal self-image ...congruity are two distinct constructs. As shown in the conceptual model, actual and ideal self-image congruity toward a brand have direct and indirect positive effects on brand preference through self-brand connection, whereas self-motivation moderates the effect of self-image congruity on self-brand connection.
Design/methodology/approach
Data collection was done through mall intercepts in six shopping malls in Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Huizhou in southern China. In total, 461 usable questionnaires were collected with 500 distributed copies. Confirmatory factor analysis using Mplus (v.7) was done to assess the measurement validity for each construct. PROCESS analysis for SPSS (v.19.0.0) was used for hypothesis testing.
Findings
Both actual and ideal self-image congruities present significant positive effects on brand preference through self-brand connection. The relationship between self-image congruity and the self-brand connection is also moderated by self-motivation.
Originality/value
This study fills an existing literature gap by distinguishing self-image and ideal self-image congruity as distinct constructs. Self-brand connection is posited as a new way to understand the mechanism of the self-image congruity effect on brand preference. Samples from several shopping malls in southern China are used to justify the important moderating role of self-motivation in consumers’ brand preferences.
This article examines deer hunters' general disease risk sensitivity relative to specific behaviors and beliefs about chronic wasting disease (CWD). Data were obtained from the 2003-04 Illinois ...Hunter Harvest Survey (n = 1521). Cluster analysis of perceived risks from CWD, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (i.e., mad cow), Salmonella, Escheria coli (E. coli), West Nile Virus, and Lyme disease identified three hunter segments (i.e., no, slight, moderate risk). The risk sensitive (moderate) group (n = 281) reported the lowest hunting participation (64%), were the most likely to change their hunting behavior due to the presence of CWD (42%), and believed that CWD was a risk to humans (81%). General sensitivity to disease risks may result in lower or altered hunting participation. Measuring perceived risk based on multiple diseases may be useful for understanding how future disease outbreaks may impact hunting.
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10.
Using action-grids in tourism management Huan, Tzung-Cheng; Beaman, Jay; Shelby, Lori B
Tourism management (1982),
06/2002, Volume:
23, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The use of importance–performance analysis (IPA), when a population has segments positioned differently on analysis variables, is examined. IPA is referred to as action grid analysis (AGA) in order ...to focus on action instead of importance or performance. Issues in using action grids to study population segments are illustrated using 1996 Taiwan foreign visitor exit data for examples. The implications of visitors from four nations having four different action grids, suggesting that segment-specific action strategies be considered, is related to the conclusion that when segments differ on grid variables, AGA for the population is in general invalid. The implication for AGA of segments having sub-segments with potentially differing action grids is introduced. AGA results are discussed as appropriate input in early stages of strategy and plan formulation, e.g., in understanding priorities of differing and potentially competing markets. In addition, methodological considerations are raised, including using AGA with or instead of other analysis approaches.
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