This paper examined perceived crowding using 615 evaluation contexts obtained from 181 studies that used a 9-point scale. Four methods for summarizing the crowding scale were highly correlated (r ≥ ....90) across all evaluation contexts. Four independent variables (year study was conducted, region of United States, country, specific activity) affected perceived crowding for both the collapsed scale and the mean of the scale. One factor, specific location of the encounter, only affected perceived crowding for the percentages, not the mean. Consumptive versus nonconsumptive activities had no effect on perceived crowding. Using capacity judgment standards, 40% of the 615 evaluation contexts were in the suppressed crowding category, 16% were over capacity and 9% were greatly over capacity.
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The Potential for Conflict Index (PCI) was developed to facilitate understanding and applicability of leisure, recreation, and human dimensions findings to managerial concerns. The PCI ranges from 0 ...(minimal potential for conflict) to 1 (maximum potential for conflict) and simultaneously describes a variable's central tendency, dispersion, and shape using a graphic display. This article (a) describes applications of the original formulation of the PCI (PCI
1
) to illustrate the statistic's practical utility, (b) introduces the second generation of the PCI (PCI
2
) and discusses enhancements incorporated in this version, (c) describes efforts to validate the PCI
2
, and (d) offers suggestions for continuing the empirical validation process. Programs for calculating, graphing, and comparing PCI
2
values are freely available from
http://welcome.warnercnr.colostate.edu/~jerryv
.
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Cronbach's alpha is a potentially useful statistic for scale development that can be misleading when used improperly. As a result, it is important for human dimensions researchers to use the ...statistic cautiously. The purpose of this study is to explore the importance of segmentation and confirmatory factor analysis in scale development. Data were obtained from mail surveys on wolves and wolf management given to Grand Teton National Park visitors and Greater Yellowstone Area residents. Cronbach's alpha was calculated on the survey questions regarding emotions about wolves for park visitors and local residents merged and each segment individually. Confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted on each segment. Beyond demonstrating the importance of confirmatroy factor analysis in scale development, results suggest that segmentation is an important consideration. Indices commonly used by researchers to measure social science concepts such as emotions about wolves cannot be assumed to fit all segments.
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Meta-analysis is a quantitative technique that uses specific measures (e.g., an effect size) to indicate the strength of variable relationships for the studies included in the analysis. The technique ...emphasizes results across multiple studies as opposed to results from a single investigation. This article provides an introduction to the meta-analysis literature and discusses the challenges of applying meta-analysis to human dimensions research. Specifically, we review the definitions of meta-analysis techniques, the steps in conducting a meta-analysis, and the advantages and disadvantages of meta-analysis.
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6.
Using action-grids in tourism management Huan, Tzung-Cheng; Beaman, Jay; Shelby, Lori B
Tourism management (1982),
06/2002, Volume:
23, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The use of importance–performance analysis (IPA), when a population has segments positioned differently on analysis variables, is examined. IPA is referred to as action grid analysis (AGA) in order ...to focus on action instead of importance or performance. Issues in using action grids to study population segments are illustrated using 1996 Taiwan foreign visitor exit data for examples. The implications of visitors from four nations having four different action grids, suggesting that segment-specific action strategies be considered, is related to the conclusion that when segments differ on grid variables, AGA for the population is in general invalid. The implication for AGA of segments having sub-segments with potentially differing action grids is introduced. AGA results are discussed as appropriate input in early stages of strategy and plan formulation, e.g., in understanding priorities of differing and potentially competing markets. In addition, methodological considerations are raised, including using AGA with or instead of other analysis approaches.
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This article examines deer hunters' general disease risk sensitivity relative to specific behaviors and beliefs about chronic wasting disease (CWD). Data were obtained from the 2003-04 Illinois ...Hunter Harvest Survey (n = 1521). Cluster analysis of perceived risks from CWD, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (i.e., mad cow), Salmonella, Escheria coli (E. coli), West Nile Virus, and Lyme disease identified three hunter segments (i.e., no, slight, moderate risk). The risk sensitive (moderate) group (n = 281) reported the lowest hunting participation (64%), were the most likely to change their hunting behavior due to the presence of CWD (42%), and believed that CWD was a risk to humans (81%). General sensitivity to disease risks may result in lower or altered hunting participation. Measuring perceived risk based on multiple diseases may be useful for understanding how future disease outbreaks may impact hunting.
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This article provides intuitive and quantitative insights into biased estimates (e.g., means) being a problem when using Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS) add-on survey data. This matters because ...LFS add-on surveys include key sources of leisure related data and Canada's "Data Liberation Initiative" is encouraging their use. The magnitude of bias occurring is illustrated by finding a 16% reduction in reporting having travelled the second time data on travel is obtained from a household. It is concluded that avoiding spending time reporting travelling is one reason for reporting no trips when there was travel. Evidence provided leads to the conclusion that responses to LFS addon survey questions have been significantly impacted by add-on survey data being collected from the same household multiple times. Why some bias effects apply to most LFS add-on surveys is examined. The impacts of bias and bias change on applied and academic research are considered.
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This article examines perceived crowding using 95 hunter and 30 angler evaluation contexts obtained from 28 hunter and 12 angler studies. Each study used the 9-point scale developed by
Heberlein and ...Vaske (1977)
. Data were obtained from journal articles, dissertations, theses, government reports, and proceedings published from 1975 to 2005. A snowball approach was used to obtain unpublished datasets. Comparative analysis arrays and traditional meta-analysis were used to describe the findings. The comparative analysis provided a tool for contrasting the consequences of changing use conditions or managerial actions, and allowed for comparisons between similar areas. Across all evaluation contexts, crowding scores ranged from 0% to 100% with meta-analytic means of 51% for hunters and 57% for anglers. These meta-analyses encourage practical approaches to exploring and understanding hunter and angler perceptions of crowding.
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This article highlights a new research theme on how a no-escape natural disaster (NEND), such as Taiwan's earthquake of September 21, 1999 (dubbed as 921), impacts tourists’ trip decision. Nearly ...four years after the 921 event, a survey investigated the changes of tourists’ decision-making to the area mostly affected by the disaster. Expected negative effects on travel decisions were found. Surprisingly, a tourism boom in the affected destinations was documented. The possible reasons for recovery are discussed. Furthermore, comparing the consequences of another NEND event – December 2004 tsunami, the study suggests practical research agendas in rejuvenating NEND-impacted tourism destinations. Lastly, it is recommended that future research might center on the safety issues of travel destinations.
