Abstract Psychopathic personality (psychopathy) is associated with a heightened risk for physical aggression, although the nature of this link remains unclear. Despite widespread claims that ...psychopathy is associated with reactive aggression, the evidence for this assertion is mixed. We provide a comprehensive review of behavioral, cognitive, and biological research on the relation between psychopathy and aggression, and conclude that although psychopathy is clearly associated with instrumental aggression, its association with reactive aggression is not robust. In fact, at least some research points to a potential protective role of psychopathy against reactive aggression. We conclude that future research must clarify the differential implications of the separable components of the broad psychopathy construct before the relations between psychopathy and physical aggression can be adequately understood.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To evaluate employee burnout, work conditions, resilience, and mindfulness at an academic medical center in a US medically underserved region during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
We surveyed ...employees from August 7, 2020 to January 17, 2021. Respondents completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Areas of Worklife Survey, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) and answered a question about intention to stay in the present job until retirement. We performed exploratory stepwise logistic regression to evaluate associations between variables and intention to stay. We evaluated associations between variables with a structural equation model (SEM).
The 655 respondents mostly were White women providers, aged 50 years and younger, who worked in inpatient wards, emergency departments, or intensive care units. Respondents had high mean MBI emotional exhaustion (35 ± 12) and moderate MBI depersonalization (12 ± 6), despite high MBI personal accomplishment (43 ± 8), middle-range Areas of Worklife Survey results, and middle to high Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale scores (29 ± 5), PHLMS awareness scores (37 ± 6), and PHLMS acceptance scores (30 ± 8). There were 408 respondents (62%) with MBI latent profiles consistent with being burned out, but 447 respondents (68%) were willing to stay in their present job. Older age was associated with intention to stay (coefficient 1.1 ± 0.1;
< 0.001). The latent variable burnout structural equation model (burnout-SEM) constructed from the MBI subscales inversely predicted intention to stay (coefficient - 0.33;
< 0.001), and this relationship was mediated by age.
Burnout was prevalent despite substantial personal accomplishment, resilience, and mindfulness.
Symptom exaggeration and feigned cognitive impairment occur commonly in forensic and medicolegal evaluations. As a result, methods to detect feigned cognitive impairment are an indispensable ...component of neuropsychological assessments. This study reports the results of two neurophysiological experiments using a forced-choice recognition task built from the stimuli of the Word Memory Test and Medical Symptom Validity Test as well as a new linguistically informed stimulus set. Participant volunteers were instructed either to do their best or to feign cognitive impairment consistent with a mild traumatic brain injury while their brain activity was monitored using event-related potentials (ERP). Experiment 1 varied instructions across individuals, whereas Experiment 2 varied instructions within individuals. The target brain component was a positive deflection indicating stimulus recognition that occurs approximately 300 ms after exposure to a stimulus (i.e., the P300). Multimodal comparison (P300 amplitude to behavioral accuracy) allowed the detection of feigned cognitive impairment. Results indicate that, for correct responses, P300s were equivalent for the simulated malingering and good effort conditions. However, for incorrect responses, feigned impairment produced reliable but significantly reduced P300 amplitudes. Although the P300 is an automatic index of recognition-even when knowledge is hidden-its amplitude appears capable of modulation by feigning strategies. Implications of this finding are discussed for research and clinical applications.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Taken together, the Coherence Principle of Multimedia Learning Theory and the Integrated Systems Hypothesis propose that co-occurring and semantically congruent verbal and visual information should ...be integrated into one mental representation that enhances memory. The purpose of this paper was to examine how learning pseudowords with matching versus mismatching gestures affects subsequent identification and integration of these newly learned pseudowords into read sentential contexts. Additionally, the pseudowords were manipulated to occur in either semantically congruent or semantically incongruent read sentential contexts, based on the pseudowords' learned definition. To investigate the research question, two experiments utilizing self-paced reading paradigms were employed. Results of Experiment 1 indicated partial support for the Integrated Systems Hypothesis. In Experiment 2, results indicated that pseudowords learned with matching gestures were identified more quickly and accurately after being read in semantically congruent sentences compared to semantically incongruent sentences, as was expected based on the Integrated Systems Hypothesis as well as the Coherence Principle of Multimedia Learning Theory. Additional results and implications are reported.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Physiological evidence was sought for a center-surround attentional mechanism (CSM), which has been proposed to assist in the retrieval of weakly activated items from semantic memory. The CSM ...operates by facilitating strongly related items in the "center" of the weakly activated area of semantic memory, and inhibiting less strongly related items in its "surround". In this study weak activation was created by having subjects acquire the meanings of new words to a recall criterion of only 50%. Subjects who attained this approximate criterion level of performance were subsequently included in a semantic priming task, during which ERPs were recorded. Primes were newly learned rare words, and targets were either synonyms, non-synonymously related words, or unrelated words. All stimuli were presented to the RVF/LH (right visual field/left hemisphere) or the LVF/RH (left visual field/right hemisphere). Under RVF/LH stimulation the newly learned word primes produced facilitation on N400 for synonym targets, and inhibition for related targets. No differences were observed under LVF/RH stimulation. The LH thus, supports a CSM, whereby a synonym in the "center" of attention, focused on the newly learned word, is facilitated, whereas a related word in the "surround" is inhibited. The data are consistent with the view of this laboratory that semantic memory is subserved by a spreading activation system in the LH. Also consistent with our view, there was no evidence of spreading activation in the RH. The findings are discussed in the context of additional recent theories of semantic memory. Finally, the adult right hemisphere may require more learning than the LH in order to demonstrate evidence of meaning acquisition.
This study shows that perceived geographical slant affects postural stability. In 2 experimental conditions participants stood on a force platform that measured center of pressure (COP) during quiet ...stance while looking at a rigid, flat ramp surface of varying geographical slants. Using an otherwise identical procedure, participants in the second condition also provided verbal estimates of the steepness of the surface in degrees. Several measures of postural stability offered converging evidence that COP sway gradually increased as geographical slant decreased to 0 (horizontal ground). Specifically, COP was sensitive to changes in surface slant. Both the range and the standard deviation of COP showed the same trend of increased variability with decreasing geographical slant angles in both conditions. The area of the ellipse covering COP sway (based on a principal components analysis) showed the same tendency: ellipse area got larger for smaller, more horizontal slants. Nonlinear fractal dynamics of COP sway, as measured by the Hurst exponent of COP, pointed in the same direction: more fractal patterns, known to be correlated with increased muscle activity and decline in postural stability, were measured for shallower surface slants. There were no effects of verbal estimates on any of the measures, suggesting that explicit awareness of slant does not bias postural stability above and beyond the effects of visual environment.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The authors examined the relationships between reading comprehension, visual attention, and magnocellular processing in 42 Grade 7 students. The goal was to quantify the sensitivity of visual ...attention and magnocellular visual processing as concomitants of poor reading comprehension in the absence of either vision therapy or cognitive intervention. Nineteen good readers (M = grade equivalent of 11.2) and 23 poor readers (M = grade equivalent of 3.5) were identified. Participants were tested for visual attention skills (Cognitive Assessment System: CAS) and magnocellular integrity (Coherent Motion Threshold: CM). Individual and combined correlations of dependent variables with reading were significant at the 0.01 level. When combined, the two tests (CAS + CM) accounted for 61% of the variance in reading comprehension. Logistic regression analysis measured sensitivity of the two diagnostic tests. Attention tests correctly classified 95.7% of poor readers, and coherent motion correctly classified 78.3% of poor readers. When the data were combined, 91.3% of poor readers were correctly classified. The research reinforces the notion that a common linkage exists between reading comprehension, visual attention, and magnocellular processing. Diagnostic test batteries for students who have been identified as reading disabled should include magnocellular and visual attention tests. Procedures to diagnose and ameliorate these disabilities are discussed.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study compared predictors of stage of exercise adoption among college students. Results showed significantly different scores on physical self-efficacy, decisional balance, resilience, and ...VO.sub.2max for individuals in higher stages. Physical self-efficacy, pros of a regular exercise routine, resilience, and VO.sub.2max predicted stage of exercise adoption. No significant differences were found for mindfulness or BMI. Implications on how to help college students adopt a regular exercise routine are discussed.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant portion of the population-some 5% of all school-aged children-and approximately half of these individuals continue to show the ...full disorder in adulthood. Recent studies point to a strong genetic component in the etiology of this disorder. Questions have been raised as to the relatively high prevalence of this condition in the population, given its apparent maladaptive nature in present-day society. In this article, we review and discuss three theories regarding the possible adaptive function of ADHD: the hunter, fighter, and wader theories. Although no theory entirely explains the occurrence of ADHD, it is worthwhile to note that, at least historically, ADHD may have served an adaptive function and may have been selected by the environment for survival.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present study examined the effects of an audience on measures of golf putting accuracy and EEG power and laterality in novice golfers. Twenty novice participants were asked to make 20 putts alone ...and 20 putts in front of an audience of about 5 strangers, with order counterbalanced across participants while wearing a portable EEG device. The putting accuracy of each condition, absolute power, and laterality scores were examined as a function of audience in two EEG epochs that were 2 and 1 second, respectively, before contact with the golf ball. Accuracy decreased and Beta 1 and Beta 2 power measures increased when participants were in front of an audience. Additionally, a significant increase in left hemisphere (LH) beta 1 activity, resulting in decreased symmetry, was observed in the audience-present condition. The results are contrary to those of Crews and Landers (1993) and others who have shown LH alpha increase as the athlete prepares their motor act, suggesting a difference between expert and novice golfers in their preparation for putting. Additionally, the interaction in the Beta band may indicate a sensitive marker for the effects of social inhibition on performance.
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