Driven by the persisting poor understanding of the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Pt in alkaline media, a direct correlation of the interfacial water structure and ...activity is still yet to be established. Herein, using Pt and Pt–Ni nanoparticles we first demonstrate a strong dependence of the proton donor structure on the HER activity and pH. The structure of the first layer changes from the proton acceptors to the donors with increasing pH. In the base, the reactivity of the interfacial water varied its structure, and the activation energies of water dissociation increased in the sequence: the dangling O−H bonds < the trihedrally coordinated water < the tetrahedrally coordinated water. Moreover, optimizing the adsorption of H and OH intermediates can re‐orientate the interfacial water molecules with their H atoms pointing towards the electrode surface, thereby enhancing the kinetics of HER. Our results clarified the dynamic role of the water structure at the electrode–electrolyte interface during HER and the design of highly efficient HER catalysts.
On nickel–platinum alloy nanoparticles under alkaline conditions, the reactivity of interfacial water varies with its structure and the order of water dissociation. The inclusion of nickel re‐orientates interfacial water molecules with their hydrogen atoms pointing towards the electrode surface, thereby enhancing the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Oxygen activation plays a crucial role in many important chemical reactions such as oxidation of organic compounds and oxygen reduction. For developing highly active materials for oxygen activation, ...herein, we report an atomically dispersed Pt on WO3 nanoplates stabilized by in situ formed amorphous H2WO4 out‐layer and the mechanism for activating molecular oxygen. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the isolated Pt atoms coordinated with oxygen atoms from WO6 and water of H2WO4, consequently leading to optimized surface electronic configuration and strong metal–support interaction (SMSI). In exemplified reactions of butanone oxidation sensing and oxygen reduction, the atomic Pt/WO3 hybrid exhibits superior activity than those of Pt nanoclusters/WO3 and bare WO3 as well as enhanced long‐term durability. This work will provide insight into the origin of activity and stability for atomically dispersed materials, thus promoting the development of highly efficient and durable single atom‐based catalysts.
Single atom‐based catalysts: Atomically dispersed Pt species have been stabilized by an in situ formed amorphous H2WO4 layer. The Pt atoms were coordinated by oxygen atoms from the WO6 octahedra of H2WO4 and water molecules. A strong metal–support interaction was observed between the Pt atoms and the oxide atoms of H2WO4, which resulted in a superior activity and stability of the Pt atoms for the oxygen activation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive and heterogeneous entity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. To identify molecular subtypes ...of NKTCL based on genomic structural alterations and EBV sequences, we performed multi-omics study on 128 biopsy samples of newly diagnosed NKTCL and defined three prominent subtypes, which differ significantly in cell of origin, EBV gene expression, transcriptional signatures, and responses to asparaginase-based regimens and targeted therapy. Our findings thus identify molecular networks of EBV-associated pathogenesis and suggest potential clinical strategies on NKTCL.
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•Integrated analysis provides insight into the molecular classification in NKTCL•EBV lytic genes play an important role on NKTCL pathogenesis•Genomic alteration-based molecular subtypes associate with clinical outcomes•MYC, histone acetylation, and PD-L1/2 are potential therapeutic targets of NKTCL
Xiong et al. propose an updated molecular subtyping scheme based on integrated analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic features of natural killer/T cell lymphoma from patient biopsies, and provide insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of the disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Over the decades, testing gravitational red-shift (GRS) based on microwave links has made great process, including the GPA experiment, the planned Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space mission, and the ...China Space Station (CSS). Until now, the formulations of microwave links are almost all based on the time comparison. However, there are advantages of using frequency comparison instead of time comparison to test GRS. Here we develop a tri-frequency combination method based on the measurements of the frequency shifts of three independent microwave links between a space station and a ground station. Aiming at the frequency links’ accuracy of
3
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, we should consider various effects, including the Doppler effect, second-order Doppler effect, atmospheric frequency shift, tidal effects, refraction caused by the atmosphere, and Shapiro effect, with accuracy levels of tens of centimeters. The CSS will complete construction in 2022, and the formulation proposed in this study will enable us to test GRS at an accuracy level of at least
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, which is one order higher than the present accuracy level of
7
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10
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.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
With the widespread application of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) technology, pulmonary nodules have aroused more attention. Significant alteration in plasma metabolite levels, mainly amino acid ...and lipid, have been observed in patients of PNs. However, evidence on the association between central carbon metabolism and PNs are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying association of PNs and plasma central carbon metabolites. We measured the levels of 16 plasma central carbon metabolites in 1954 participants who gained LDCT screening in MALSC cohort. The inverse probability weighting (IPW) technique was used to control for bias due to self-selection for LDCT in the assessed high-risk population. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression was used to deal with the problem of multicollinearity among metabolites and the combined association of central carbon metabolites with PNs was estimated by using quantile g-computation (QgC) models. A quartile increase in 3-hydroxybutyric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and hippuric acid was positively associated with the PNs risk, whereas a quartile increase in 2-oxadipic acid and fumaric acid was negatively associated with the risk of PNs in multiple-metabolite models. A positive but insignificant joint associations of the mixture of 16 metabolites with PNs was observed by using QgC models analyses. Further studies are warranted to clarify the association between circulating metabolites and PNs and the biological mechanisms.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The ongoing collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate brings up N-S crustal shortening and thickening of the Tibet Plateau, but its dynamic mechanisms remain controversial yet. As one ...of the most tectonically active regions of the world, South-Eastern Tibet (SET) has been greatly paid attention to by many geoscientists. Here we present the latest three-dimensional GPS velocity field to constrain the present-day tectonic process of SET, which may highlight the complex vertical crustal deformation. Improved data processing strategies are adopted to enhance the strain patterns throughout SET. The crustal uplifting and subsidence are dominated by regional deep tectonic dynamic processes. Results show that the Gongga Shan is uplifting with 1-1.5 mm/yr. Nevertheless, an anomalous crustal uplifting of ~8.7 mm/yr and negative horizontal dilation rates of 40-50 nstrain/yr throughout the Longmenshan structure reveal that this structure is caused by the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze Craton. The Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault is a major active sinistral strike-slip fault which strikes essentially and consistently with the maximum shear strain rates. These observations suggest that the upper crustal deformation is closely related with the regulation and coupling of deep material.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Measurements of 189 continuous and 933 campaign-mode Global Positioning System (GPS) stations with 3–16 yr data spans over the Tibetan Plateau reveal contemporary three-dimensional (3-D) crustal ...deformation during 1999–2016. The Empirical Orthogonal Function method was used to characterize the spatial variations in the surface deformation with distinct seasonal oscillations at the GPS sites in five regions of the Tibetan Plateau. We find that these surface variations are highly correlated with the corresponding mass load signals observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. The improved GPS processing strategy used to determine the 3-D velocity field includes maximum likelihood estimation, removal of common mode errors from GPS time series using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and power law plus white noise stochastic error modeling. We determined the rates of vertical crustal movement by removing GRACE-observed non-tectonic origin load deformation, 2002–2016. The corrected vertical crustal deformation shows that the Himalaya region is uplifting at an average rate of ∼1.7 mm yr−1, and that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is uplifting at an average rate of ∼1.3 mm yr−1. In addition, the horizontal velocity relative to the stable Eurasian plate and its corresponding dilatation throughout the Tibetan Plateau suggest that tectonic shortening and crustal thickening is occurring at −90 to −80 nanostrain yr−1 in the southern Tibetan Plateau and −30 to −20 nanostrain yr−1 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which could be related to the geologic shortening and elastic strain accumulation. The interior Tibetan Plateau exhibits crustal thinning and block movement along strike-slip faults. Eastward motion of the crust north of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault system relative to crust to its south results in shear strain and reflects eastward escape of plastic crustal material in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.
•Spatial surface seasonal oscillations throughout Tibetan Plateau (TP) are derived.•A 3-D crustal deformation field in TP is established using GPS and GRACE data.•The strain patterns of TP are derived by combining GPS horizontal velocity field.•This study reveals the crust shortening and vertical tectonic deformation of TP.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•Existence of MPs was observed in guppy gut.•Exposure to MPs decreased the gut digestive enzymes activities.•Exposure to MPs stimulated the expression of gut immune response.•Exposure to MPs induced ...gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributing in aquatic environment. They are easily ingested by aquatic organisms and accumulate in digestive tract especially of intestine. To explore the potential effects of MPs on intestine, here we, using juvenile guppy (Poecilia reticulata) as experimental animal, investigated the response characteristics of digestion, immunity and gut microbiota. After exposure to 100 and 1000 μg/L concentrations of MPs (polystyrene; 32–40 μm diameters) for 28 days, we observed that MPs could exist in guppy gut and induce enlargement of goblet cells. Activities of digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase) in guppy gut generally reduced. MPs stimulated the expression of immune cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, TLR4 and IL-6). Through high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, decreases in diversity and evenness and changed composition of microbiota were found in guppy gut. PICRUSt analysis revealed that MPs might have effects on intestinal microbiota functions, such as inhibition of metabolism and repair pathway. Our findings suggested that MPs could retain in the gut of juvenile guppy, impair digestive performance, stimulate immune response and induce microbiota dysbiosis in guppy gut. The results obtained here provide new insights into the potential risks of MPs to aquatic animals.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive fibroinflammatory syndrome of the pancreatic tissue caused by genetic and environmental factors. Previously reported susceptibility genes in CP explain less ...than half of the apparent heritability. To uncover novel pathogenic mechanisms, we initially performed low‐coverage whole‐genome sequencing on 464 Chinese CP patients and 504 controls. The transient receptor potential cation channel, Subfamily V, Member 6 (TRPV6) gene was found to be significantly associated with CP after a burden test of aggregated rare nonsynonymous variants with a combined annotation dependent depletion score > 20 (p = .020). In the replication stage, we analyzed the entire coding sequence and exon/intron boundaries of the TPRV6 gene by Sanger sequencing in another 205 patients with CP and 105 controls. Integration of the findings from the two stages resulted in the identification of 25 TRPV6 variants: 1 rare nonsense variant, 20 rare missense variants, and 4 common missense variants. Loss‐of‐function variants, as determined by intracellular Ca2+ concentration in transfected HEK293T cells, were significantly overrepresented in patients as compared to controls (9/669 1.35% vs. 1/609 0.16%; odds ratio = 8.29; p = .022). This study provides evidence suggesting that TRPV6 is a novel susceptibility gene for CP.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Geoid determination for Egypt faces several challenges. There are large gravity data gaps, gravity data come from different sources, were measured during different decades, and some lack information ...about their precision. The aim of the paper is to find out a new geoid model for Egypt using the advantages of the shallow-layer method. The shallow-layer method is different from the traditional Stokes and Molodenesky geoid determination methods as it comes from the definition of the geoid itself. In our work, we apply the shallow-layer method to determine a 5′ × 5′ geoid model for Egypt which ranges from (21∘ ≤ ϕ ≤ 32∘; 24∘ ≤ λ ≤ 37∘). The global digital topographic model DTM2006.0, the Danish National Space Center DNSC08 model, the EGM2008 gravity field model, and the CRUST2.0 crust model were used to distinguish boundaries for the shallow-layer and determine its interior structure. To validate and test the computed geoid, four gravimetric geoid models for Egypt were computed using different techniques, the Meissl-geoid using modified Stokes kernel after Meissel, the Wong-geoid using modified Stokes kernel after Wong and Gore, the Heck-geoid using modified Stokes kernel after Heck and Grüninger, and the window-geoid using window technique. All the computed geoid models were validated using the available GPS benchmark stations in Egypt. The difference between the computed geoid models and GPS benchmark station shows that the shallow-layer method gives the most precise geoid with the narrowest range and smallest standard deviation. The standard deviation of geoid differences for the geoid computed using the shallow-layer method (Shen-geoid) drops by about 0.37 m compared to the Stokes/Meissl geoid, which means that the calculated Shen-geoid fits GPS benchmarks better than the computed gravimetric geoid (using the available gravity data) for Egypt. The results demonstrate that the shallow-layer method can estimate the geoid at higher accuracy.
•Geoid determination in Egypt faces several challenges.•This paper introduce and explain the shallow layer method•The shallow layer method has applied to modeling a geoid for Egypt.•The computed geoid fits the GPS/benchmarks well.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, UL, UPCLJ, UPUK
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