To investigate the relationship of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to detrusor underactivity following bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).
Female ...Wistar rats underwent ligation of the urethra to establish BOO models and were divided into BOO model 2-week group (11 rats) and BOO model 6-week group (10 rats). 8 rats underwent sham operation as control group. The detrusor urine was taken out and stimulated by carbachol to measure the detrusor contraction force (DCF). RT-PCR method was employed to measure the mRNA expression of TGFbeta1 and bFGF in the detrusor urine. Urine TGFbeta1 and bFGF were determined by ELISA.
The maximum DCF levels of the BOO 2-week group under the 1 x 10(-4) mmol/L and 1 x 10(-3) mmol/L carbachol concentrations were 0.96 g +/- 0.11 g and 1.98 g +/- 0.21 g respectively, both significantly higher than those of the sham operation group (0.85 g +/- 0.18 g and 1.82 g +/- 0.19 g respectively, both P < 0.05). The maximum DCF levels of the BOO
The conventional way to improve the ionic conductivity of solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is by incorporating inorganic fillers. Although effective, the flexibility of SPEs is sacrificed more ...or less. Here we propose improving the ionic conductivity of pure SPEs without any help of fillers. This is achieved by enhancing the polarization of polymers through the employment of a unique poly(vinylidene-co-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer as the matrix of SPEs. Compared to common PVDF that tends to show a non-polar trans–gauche (TGTG′) conformation, P(VDF-TrFE) always shows a high polarity all-trans (TTTT) conformation when the TrFE content ranges from 20 to 50 mol%. Results show that P(VDF-TrFE) 80/20 mol% employed in this study has a much higher remnant polarization (79.1 mC m−2) than PVDF (12.8 mC m−2). In consequence, the dissociation of LiN(SO2CF3)2 is facilitated, which endows P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs with remarkably enhanced ionic conductivity (4.48 × 10−4 S cm−1) at 25 °C compared to pure PVDF SPEs reported in the literature (≤10−5 S cm−1). The LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs/Li batteries present stable cycling at 1C and 2C at 25 °C while the controlled NCM811/PVDF SPEs/Li batteries exhibit a dramatic capacity decay. The Li/P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs/Li batteries stably cycle for nearly 2000 h without a short circuit. This work provides a new strategy and paves the way for a new research area for novel SPEs by regulating the polarity of host polymers.
To analyze the effect of various flow units in a channel sand body on remnant oil, we established a connection between various flow unit types and the remnant oil distribution. Using stratigraphic ...correlation and the characterization of sedimentary microfacies, we describe a single sand body, point bar, and narrow channel located at the injection-production well pattern of well B2-60-FB271 in the Eastern transition zone of the Daqing Placanticline. Architecture models of the point bar and narrow channel are also established using a series of parameters from different measurement methods. Four types of flow units (strong-current limiting, medium-current limiting, weak-current limiting, and none-current limiting) in the point bar sand body were identified, whereas one type, unshielded unit, was identified in the narrow channel. Geological parameters, such as porosity, permeability, and pore-throat radius (r50), were optimized to quantitatively characterize these various flow units. Samples were obtained from well B2-60-FB271 and analyzed by the freeze-fluorescence thin section technique. According to the displacement degree, the microscopic remnant oil was divided into three types: (1) free-state remnant oil, (2) semi-free-state remnant oil, and (3) bound-state remnant oil. We found that the strong-current limiting flow unit in the point bar is the enrichment area of free-state microscopic remnant oil and that the medium-current limiting and weak-current limiting flow units also have relatively high free microscopic remnant oil. These constitute the remaining oil enrichment areas in the study area.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A 150-nm-thick CaN photocathode with a Mg doping concentration of 1.6 × 1017 cm-3 is activated by Cs/O in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber, and a quantum efficiency （QE） curve of the negative electron ...affinity transmission-mode （t-mode） of the GaN photocathode is obtained. The maximum QE reaches 13.0% at 290 nm. According to the t-mode QE equation solved from the diffusion equation, the QE curve is fitted. From the fitting results, the electron escape probability is 0.32, the back-interface recombination velocity is 5 ×104 cm. s^-1, and the electron diffusion length is 116 nm. Based on these parameters, the influence of CaN thickness on t-mode QE is simulated. The simulation shows that the optimal thickness of GaN is 90 nm, which is better than the 150-nm GaN.
The conventional way to improve the ionic conductivity of solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is by incorporating inorganic fillers. Although effective, the flexibility of SPEs is sacrificed more ...or less. Here we propose improving the ionic conductivity of pure SPEs without any help of fillers. This is achieved by enhancing the polarization of polymers through the employment of a unique poly(vinylidene-
co
-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer as the matrix of SPEs. Compared to common PVDF that tends to show a non-polar
trans
-
gauche
(TGTG′) conformation, P(VDF-TrFE) always shows a high polarity all-
trans
(TTTT) conformation when the TrFE content ranges from 20 to 50 mol%. Results show that P(VDF-TrFE) 80/20 mol% employed in this study has a much higher remnant polarization (79.1 mC m
−2
) than PVDF (12.8 mC m
−2
). In consequence, the dissociation of LiN(SO
2
CF
3
)
2
is facilitated, which endows P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs with remarkably enhanced ionic conductivity (4.48 × 10
−4
S cm
−1
) at 25 °C compared to pure PVDF SPEs reported in the literature (≤10
−5
S cm
−1
). The LiNi
0.8
Co
0.1
Mn
0.1
O
2
(NCM811)/P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs/Li batteries present stable cycling at 1C and 2C at 25 °C while the controlled NCM811/PVDF SPEs/Li batteries exhibit a dramatic capacity decay. The Li/P(VDF-TrFE) SPEs/Li batteries stably cycle for nearly 2000 h without a short circuit. This work provides a new strategy and paves the way for a new research area for novel SPEs by regulating the polarity of host polymers.
A unique P(VDF-TrFE) that always shows an all-
trans
conformation displays a strong polarity to promote the dissociation of lithium salts, increasing the ionic conductivity of solid-state polymer electrolytes to 4.48 × 10
−4
S cm
−1
at 25 °C.
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